The Music Of The 1930 S - 2203 Words

The 1930’s was a decade of extremely hard times, following the stock market crash and an extreme depression. In spite of the tremendous hardships in America during this decade, it also became a time of great music that is still remembered today. Jazz music was highly popular in this time, and Billie Holiday was a famous jazz performer. She stood out from many other musicians because of her intense and passionate performances. Jazz arose from â€Å"unacceptable† segments of society, but quickly grew like wildfire. We often think of the 1930’s as the decade that jazz became civilized, and famous throughout popular culture through the work of pioneering artists like Billie Holiday. People did not own televisions or cable, so radio was their main source of entertainment, and music during this decade was both up beat and a source of relaxation. â€Å"Strange Fruit† defied musical category because it was considered too artsy to be folk, and too explicitly politi cal to fit into jazz. This is why â€Å"Strange Fruit† became such a powerful phenomenon. Many other artists later took on this song, changing the genre but still portraying the same message. Nina Simone dramatized â€Å"Strange Fruit† in the context of the Civil Rights Movement. More important artists like Jeff Buckley, Rene Marie, Labor Camp Orchestra, and many others made their own rendition on the song, still leaving all of their audiences moved by the powerful imagery of the lyrics. â€Å"Strange Fruit†, the haunting ballad recorded byShow MoreRelatedThe events of the 1930’s, or the Great Depression, did the most to influence contemporary America.900 Words   |  4 Pagesof the 1930’s, or the Great Depression, did the most to influence contemporary America. During the twenties, America was at its most prosperous economic times until the stock market crashed in 1929. The stock market crash led to a dramatic decline of the U.S. economy. The de cline in the economy changed Americans everyday lives. In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president and he created the New Deal to provide relief, recovery and reform. The Depression impacted America in the 1930’s in everyRead MoreLife in the Italy in the 1930s1138 Words   |  5 PagesLife in Italy in the 1930’s Life in Italy in the 1930’s caused difficulty to some Italians during that time period. During the 1930’s a large number of Italians who had opposed the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini arrived in the United States. After the news spread in Italy about the bombing of Pearl Harbour almost all Italians supported the war against Benito Mussolini. At this point, Italy was slowly becoming under the Nazi rule, the significance of a woman’s role in Italy was emphasised asRead MoreStyles Of Fashion1732 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar to the ones in the movie Greece. Pants were very much fitted during this era and had a saving grace for men in a multitude of ways, a zipper (Marketti and Angstman, 2013, Marketti and Tortora, 2015, Riding, 2013, Young and Young, 2012, and 1930s Fashion for Men: Style Shaped by the Great Depression, 2015). Men could be seen wearing shoes, called brogues, with the same basic colors or combination of colors that their suits reflected and are an influence to shoes called loafers that many menRead MoreCritical Thinking Essay : Strange Fruit, By Billie Holiday769 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Thinking Essay â€Å"Strange Fruit† is a song written by Abel Meeropol but was recorded by Billie Holiday. Holiday was a jazz musician and song writer in the early 1900’s. Strange Fruit had a context that was relevant in the 1930s. Basically, in the 1930’s, white and black people did not get along or participate in anything together. In fact, black people were known to be inferior to white people. African Americans would be killed, hanged, and burned. Strange Fruit was based around protestingRead MoreThe Transformation of Music: Radio and Composition Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pageswere surely asked by Edgar Harburg. Like many others during the Great Depression of the 1930s, Edgar Harburg turned to music; he joined Jay Gorney and together they collaborated on songs for Broadway pieces (Edmund and Goldstein 107). Not unsurprisingly, he preferred his new career (Edmund and Goldstein 107). Moments such as those have fortified the ties of music and reality throughout time. Neverth eless, music has been a definite part of culture since the earliest ages. It has also been altered onRead MoreFascism During The 1930 S1360 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 1930’s when Fascism was at it height, populist art fought against the domination of fascism by diverting the fashionable ideals of fascism with the ideas of populism. The US was producing popular art in its populous country to share the rest of the world as an attempt to ward off the Fascists. They decided to distract everybody from Fascism by art, film, dance, etc. that appealed to the similar but different enough ideals of populism and democracy. At this time american democratic societyRead MoreThe Birth, Life, And Resurrection Of Swing1673 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the United States, the Great Depression from 1929-1939, and World War II from 1939-1945. While Swing music is known for having its happy up beat rhythms, and light moods, it cannot be said that the music does not encompass the heaviness of the social, political, and economic undercurrents of its time. The term â€Å"Swing† was originally coined not for the dance, but for the music. Swing music was born during the Great Depression, while many bands had been experimenting during the early Roaring TwentiesRead MoreCulture during the 20s-40s: Great Gatsby1365 Words   |  6 PagesHistory has shown that music, dance and fashion have a great affect on society and culture. Iconic artists and performers, and particular events during these decades influenced many rebellious outbreaks going against societal norms. The â€Å"Roaring 20s† (1920-30), had a major impact on adolescent behavior in America, starting in New Orleans, moving into Chicago and later, New York City. Throughout the 1930s-1940s a new adolescent culture emerged, influenced by early upheavals during the 1920s. TheRead MoreDmitri Shostakovich : The Greatest Composers Of The 20th Century And The Most Important Soviet Composer1567 Words   |  7 Pagespraised and criticized by the public, Shostakovich was an eminent character in the musical world, and his music remains central to the identity of Russia and the WWII era. Shostakovich was born on Sept. 25, 1906, in St. Petersburg to Dmitri Boleslavovich Shostakovich and Sofiya Vasilievna Kokoulina. His father was an engineer and his mother was a piano teacher. He showed no inclination for music until the age of 9, when his mother, began to give him lessons. A month later, he was already playing theRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance s Influence And Impact1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance s Influence and Impact The Harlem Renaissance era is known for its rich culture and being the source for many African American breakthrough artists such as Alain Locke,W.E.B DuBois, and Ethel Waters. . Whether it be the diversity of music, drama, art, or literature, it’s surely present during that period of time and still is today. Many questions about this time period include â€Å"How was Harlem life like back then?† â€Å"What is the Harlem Renaissance?†, and â€Å"How did it

Healthy Choices for Better Living Essay - 1588 Words

Does the media truly influence and play and key role in childhood obesity? Can we hold the media responsible for our food purchases and meals that we as a society choose to provide our children? Certainly there are a multitude of influences in the media and yes, they are geared toward our children. Commercials ran during children’s programming appeal to our youth with catchy jingles, bright colors and actors promoting these products that portray popular characters on our children’s favorite shows. Why wouldn’t our children want us to purchase them? It works in the same way that advertising toys during children’s programming sway a child into wanting a particular product. Due to the influence of the media, parents feel they are appeasing†¦show more content†¦It is always easier to pass blame than to own up to it. Childhood obesity can, and has been linked to several different causes. Generally the most sought after causes are poor eating habits , more time spent eating in front of the television, time that is spent with popular media devices and a general lack of physical activity due to the above reasons. All of these causes have one common denominator. Parents and guardians are at the forefront of this equation, and are simply not willing to take the responsibility. Parental units are the beginning of the child’s nutritional and eating habit journey. In turn, they should be leading by example and providing children with the necessary tools to aide them in making healthy and nutritional decisions. An old adage explains, â€Å"When you grow up all you know about healthy food is what you were fed at home. Intuitively, we know that our mums and dads love us and will do the best for us, so surely that means we were fed healthy food,† Maher (1), (qtd. In Weighing It Up, 2009). So examples set by the parents are the core of the children and youth nutritional learning. A variety of studies have held the media responsible as having a tremendous impact on a child’s perception of what they should be eating. Research on childhood obesity has found, â€Å"Food advertising during children’s television programs has been identified as one contributingShow MoreRelatedLiving Healthy: Focusing on Exercises and Better Food Choices692 Words   |  3 Pagescomplications including but not limited to diabetes (type 2) and coronary heart disease. However, more attention should instead be focused on empowering individuals to make better food choices and embrace exercises. In this way, individuals will end up living healthier lives. Living Healthy: Focusing on Exercises and Better Food Choices According to DeBruyne, Pinna and Whitney (2011), research suggests that fast-food consumption contributes significantly to the development of obesity. The reason forRead MoreThe Swot Analysis Helps You To Have A Better Foresight1353 Words   |  6 PagesThe SWOT analysis helps you to have a better foresight of awareness of what your strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats entail to know what direction to better utilize strategies to approach a project, such as an obesity initiative, in order to have a successful outcome. S Acknowledgment that there is an obesity problem Community leaders, schools, and healthcare organizations working together to combat obesity Initiating of obesity educational workshops and wellness programs IncreasedRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1238 Words   |  5 PagesDeterminants of Health - Healthy People, n.d., p. 01) The Five key areas that are addressed in the social determinants of health are: Economic Stability, Education, Social and Community Context, Health and Health Care, and Neighborhood and Built Environment. Even though these five determinants of health are different, they are all oriented towards the common objective to better the environment and living conditions so people are empowered and supported in making healthier lifestyle choices and develop theRead MoreFat Tax792 Words   |  4 Pageswith limited access to healthy foods. For an obese person to make wise food choices, they must first value their health. Raising the price of unhealthy foods won’t instill value on health. One of the main reasons for the growing number of overweight Americans is the lack of exercise; a fat tax doesn’t address this problem. According to the Department of Agriculture, Food Deserts are defined as urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. InsteadRead MoreChildren s Parents Should Be Prepared A Compelling Standard Of Living For Their Children974 Words   |  4 Pagesforming eating patterns based on their guardians. If a child grows up around a healthy parenting style, that child will make good choices and hopefully follow their footsteps. â€Å"An obese adolescent must therefore learn to eat and enjoy healthy foods in moderate amounts and to exercise regularly to maintain a desired weight† (AACAP, n.d, para. 6). Children’s parents should be entitled to prepare a compelling standard of living for their children to help prevent the rising obesity problem in America todayRead MoreBenefits Of Living A Healthy Lifestyle1102 Words   |  5 PagesAs human beings we all have the desire to live longer lives. Well according to recent studies the key to longevity are diet and exercise. Living a healthy lifestyle can ultimately add years onto your life expectancy. There are certain groups of people around the world who are living longer lives. For instance let’s consider the pacific islanders of Okinawa. They have a life expectancy of more than 81, compared to the average life expectancy of 78 here in the United States. Another example wouldRead MoreThe Four Main Determinants Of Health1702 Words   |  7 PagesLiving a healthy lifestyle is an increasing concern in today’s society. Healthy lifestyle is defined as the â€Å"habits, attitudes, tastes, moral standards, and economic level, which together constitute the mode of living of an individual or group,† (insert reference). Healthy lifestyle choices have a huge impact on the overall health of a person, so it is very important for healthcare workers, especially nurses, to know the causes, affects, responses, and symptoms that occur in unhealthy and he althyRead MoreThe Health Of Our Citizens804 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty also has a negative impact on the quality of the meals that can be provided. Families often resort to inexpensive, low-nutrition, high-calorie meals. National Survey of Children’s Health data revealed that 47.4% of WV children ages 10-17 living in families with incomes of less than 100% of the federal poverty level (FPL) were either overweight or obese. In addition to problems with health and nutrition, WV has dramatic problems related to alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. It is estimatedRead MoreA Better Health Association Plan988 Words   |  4 PagesBetter Health Association Plan Executive Director Introduction As Executive Director, I will provide staff leadership for Better Health Association. Our goal for the company is to improve the well-being of individuals. Audiences of all ages will be able to take part in learning about living a healthy lifestyle and developing the skills needed to make healthy choices to prevent diseases and ameliorate conditions for those already afflicted with illnesses. Over the course of the next year, It isRead MoreFood Deserts in Chicago1741 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Healthy eating is vital to eliminating sickness and diseases in one’s life. Many people suffer from diabetes, obesity, heart conditions, and high blood pressure because of improper eating habits. To a degree, most of these eating habits are related to limited access to produce healthy foods. The increasing amount of food deserts and lack of family income contributes to African-American obesity rates, and lack of healthy choices. Ironically, these food desserts reside in communities plagued

Alamo Essay Example For Students

Alamo Essay THE ALAMOIn San Antonio in early 1836, 6,000 Mexicans marched to The Alamo to fight a groups of Texas of 187 strong, They were led by Colonel William B. Travis. During 10 days of fighting, the Mexicans climbed over the wall’s of The Alamo., to defeat the Texans they killed a woman . her baby, and a slave were killed. Among the dead were frontiersmen Davy Crockett and the Bowie brothers. Following, is a description of how the Alamo fell. On February 24, 1836 Colonel Travis wrote a letter requesting aid in his own handwriting to all the people of Texas and all Americans. It was carried to Gonzales by Captain Albert Martin, It was first delivered upon his arrival on the Feb 25th to Smithers. Who then carried it on the San Felipe on the Feb. 27th. His letter explained the difficulty him and his men were having defending The Alamo against Santa Anna and his men. At the end of the letter he explains that if they do not receive aid, then they will fight till VICTORY OR DEATH. He also explains that, to this point, no men has lost his life. Following is an exact replica of his writing. COLONEL TRAVIS LETTER:â€Å"Commandancy of the AlamoBexar, Fby. 24th, 1836 To the People of Texas and All Americans in the World Fellow Citzens CompatriotsI am besieged, by a thousand or more of the Mexicans under Santa AnnaI have sustained a continual Bombardment cannonade for 24 hours have not lost a manThe enemy has demanded a surrender at discretion , otherwise, the garrison are to be put to the sword, if the fort is takenI have answered the demand with a cannon shot, our flag still waves proudly from the wallsI shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism, everything dear to the American character, to come are tour aid, with all dispatchThe enemy is receiving reinforcements daily will no doubt increase to three or four thousand in four of five days. If this call is neglected, I am determined to sustain myself as long as possible die like a soldier who never forgets what is due to his own honor that of his country. VICTORY O R DEATHWilliam Barret Travis Lt. Col. Combt. P.S. The Lord is on our sideWhen the enemy appeared in sight we had not three bushels of cornWe have since found in deserted houses 80 or 90 bushels got into the walls 20 or 30 head of Beeves†On the back of the letter, Capt. Martin penciled inâ€Å"Since the above was written I heard a very heavy Cannonade during the whole day think there must have been an attack made upon the Alamo. We were short of ammunition when I left. Hurry all the men you can in haste.† Albert Martin (signed). â€Å"When I left there was but 150 determined to do or die tomorrow I leave for Bejar with what men I can raise we will (illegible) at all events (illegible). Col. Almonte is there the troops are under the command of Gen. Seisma.†At dawn, March 1,1836, Capt. Albert Martin, with 32 men (himself included) from Gonzales and DeWitt’s Colony, passed the lines of Santa Anna and entered the walls of The Alamo. These men, chiefly husband s and fathers owning their own homes. Voluntarily organized and passed through the lines of an enemy four to six thousand strong, to join 150 of their countrymen and neighbors, in a fortress doomed to destruction. Following. is an exact replica of the response to Colonel Travis’ letter: GONZALES RANGERS RESPOND. â€Å"Two appeals to Col. Fannin at Goliad had resulted in an aborted start toward San Antonio with his force of 350men when Fannin heard of the approach of Gen. Urrea’s army. Responding to Col. Travis’ appeals, the main contingent of the Gonzales Alamo Relief Force departed the town Square of Gonzales at 2 PM Saturday 27 Feb, led by commanding officer Lieutenant George c. Kimball of the Gonzales Rangers. The senior officer accompanying the relief force was courier Capt. Albert Martin who had delivered the appeal to both Smithers and Gonzales. The force was guided by Alamo courier John W. Smith. a resident of San Antonio de Bexar. According to Dr. John Sutherland , the group consisted of 25 men who left Gonzales and increased to 32 with those who joined along the way, in particular near Quibble Creek. On 29 Feb, the group prepared to find a way into the Alamo through the surrounding Mexican forces. Dr. John Sutherland relates the story that.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"On reaching the suburbs of the city they were approached by a man on horseback who asked in English, â€Å"Do you wish to go into the fort, gentlemen?† â€Å"Yes’ was the reply. â€Å" Then follow me.† said he, at the same time turning his horse into the lead of the company. Smith remarked , â€Å"Boys, it’s time to be after shooting that fellow, â€Å"when he put spurs to his horse, sprung into the thicket, and was out of sight in a moment, before a gun could be got to bear on him.†The day before the war stranded. William B. Travis Call everybody to the middle of the cout yard. He draw a line in the dirt with his soared and said â€Å" that i f you want to stay and fight me step over the line.† â€Å"Jim Bowie told the men to carry him over the line.† All step over the line, except for one . March 6,1836, climbing over the wall’s of the Alamo, the Mexican attacked. Ever man was killed that day . After the war was over, Santa Anna went to the Alamo and said that he would like to dip his figure into the blood of William B. Travis, David Crockett, and Jim Bowie. When he did, it dripped off his figure and he steped on it like a bug. Santa Anna burned all the dead so that no one would know how many people were in the Alamo. .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 , .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .postImageUrl , .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 , .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:hover , .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:visited , .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:active { border:0!important; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:active , .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6 .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3a7c41034646ba8eaf554b575d2f67b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BindImageEx API EssayREFERENCEShttp://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/gonrelief.htmBusiness Essays

Corporate Governance Accounting Economics â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for Accounting and Economics. Answer: Introduction Corporate governance framework is one of the most important aspects for todays business particularly for the structured companies. The practice of corporate governance throughout the world has lot of emphasis to bring transparency to the business. The specific framework of corporate governance that provides a specific guideline to the business organization also influences the Australian business environment. The importance of the corporate governance has become essential as government of Australia is also monitoring the process (Tricker 2015). The government of Australia is associated with the implementation of corporate governance practice in such a way that influences the business from every perspective. In case of IT, business the importance of corporate governance is more because it is associated with the virtual products that can increase the customer dissatisfaction. The organizational structure in the IT Company will also determine the monitoring process. Ethical behaviour in the IT Company will lead to a good business practice, which will ensure the safety and security of the companys data. The objective of this report is to find out different risks and benefits of the organizational structure where most of the directors are either from same family or from relatives (Denis 2016). Even the chief financial officer of the company is associated with the company from long time as an external auditor of the company. All these factors may influence the corporate governance of the organization by manipulating the exact fact, which will increase the business risk of the company. Current company structure The current structure of the organization is associated with the several board of directors and the CEO of the organization. The review of the board structure will help the CEO of the organization to understand the several risk and benefits of the organization. The current structure of the organization includes the board members under the CEO (McCahery, Sautner and Starks 2016). The CEO is the Chairman as well as the Company Secretary who is responsible for the overall organizational performance and profitability. Apart from CEO, there are three executive and three non-executive board members. All the non-executive board members are the relatives of the CEO whereas the executive members of the company are responsible for the organizational performance of respective departments (Joseph, Ocasio and McDonnell 2014). Among the three executive board members chief financial officer was appointed 12 months back who has previously worked with the organization as the external auditor. Elements of effective corporate governance The importance of effective corporate governance is increasing every day because proper implementation of the corporate governance enhances the performance of the organization by implementing the good practice within the system (Honore, Munari and de La Potterie 2015). There are eight major elements of the corporate governance according to the Australian framework that are discussed below. Rule of Law Proper governance provides rational justifiable structures that are upheld by an unprejudiced executive body, in favour of the occupied satisfaction of stakeholders. Transparency - Transparency implies on the provision of the information should be given in effortless manner and media (Larcker and Tayan 2015). Responsiveness Responsiveness is the part of the good governance that requires a good design to serve the best possible outcomes to the stakeholders within a particular time. The time is one of the important aspects of the responsive attitude. Consensus Oriented Good governance obliges interview to figure out the assorted interests of partners with a specific end goal to attain an generous harmony of what is to the maximum improvement of the whole co-worker crowd and how this can be accomplished in a feasible and judicious way (Kleinknecht 2015). Equity and Inclusiveness The equity and inclusiveness is the open door for its partners to look after, upgrade, or by and large enhance their prosperity gives the most convincing message with respect to its purpose behind presence and worth to society. Effectiveness and Efficiency Good governance is one of the processes that enhance the effectiveness and efficiency by controlling the resources properly (Chan, Watson and Woodliff 2014). Most of the time good governance helps to implement the right resource to right function that enhances the effectiveness. Accountability Accountability is the key aspect of good governance that helps to document several policy statements. The organization should be accountable to those entities that might be affected by its activities. Participation Good governance will also ensure the participation of effective resources irrespective of gender or other criteria that do not associate with the individual skill (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). Every participating individual needs to be involved and organized that also provide the freedom of expression. Corporate governance framework for Australian companies According to the Australian framework of the corporate governance principles of 8000-2003, it is the system by which entities are directed and controlled. Therefore, Australian framework suggests strict regulation in terms of controlling the organization that offers flexibility to the innovative process and restricts the malpractice. Proper monitoring of the organizational functionalities is also important that offers effectiveness. The Australian framework also suggests the strict implementation of the law to the organization so that every step of the organization helps to enhance the outcome for the betterment of the stakeholder. To implement the proper governance it allows appointing the best persons in the position of the director to ensure the best performance to provide the benefit to the stakeholders of the organization. Particularly the Governance of the IT Company in Australia the law is stricter because the possibility of the information lick out is high (Ntim and Soobaroye n 2013). Every IT organization is highly dependent on the safety of their information on their employees, which can be maintained by the strict corporate governance. The board member of the organization should know the functions of the organization so that they can understand the problems of the employees. If any board member do not understand a particular function then it will be difficult for them to monitor the process (Young and Thyil 2014). Therefore, Australian corporate governance framework always suggests appointing the experienced person who is capable of working with the root level employees and can understand the problems in the system. Australian corporate governance framework is thereby emphasising on two basic part that are General governance and Operational Governance. General governance General governance is mostly associated with the legislation and case law, which largely influence the statutory directors of the organization. General governance is always concerned with the activity of the organization whether they are legal or illegal according to the law. The activity of each individual is also under the supervision of the general governance. If any representative takes any illegal action then organization will be responsible for that and they have to face legal challenges in the court. On the other hand, the general governance of the organization is also concerned and responsible for the organizational structure and control (Ahmed and Henry 2012). The organizational structure will determine that how every function is monitored and controlled to restrict any unwanted activities within the process. The control of the upper management is also associated with the organizational structure. Good governance will never clash two separate functions to decrease the effectiveness (Too and Weaver 2014). Operational governance Operational governance is associated with the operational activity of the organization. Every operation of the organization will generate some outcome that should be authentic by the law therefore it is also the most important part of the corporate governance. Therefore, operational governance is suggested to monitor from the top of each function. In case of IT Company, every board member should understand the basic of IT so that they can handle the information and the data in a proper manner (Subramaniam et al. 2013). Operational governance is also associated with the employee benefit because if the employees of the organization are getting proper benefit for their job then they will become loyal to the organization and dissatisfaction will reduce. Risk of changing corporate governance The company is operated by six board of directors among them three are nonexecutive director who belong from the same family of CEO. The educational qualifications of the nonexecutive directors are not as per the company standard therefore, there are risks with the control of the organization. If the organization is thinking to change the governance policy then it will hamper the current performance because most of the employees are familiar to it and they will resist the change. Therefore, proper response is the key factor with the changing corporate governance (Christensen et al. 2015). The change will happen in the organizational structure, which will bring a functional change in the organization, and employees will become less effective. Governance of listed organizations keeps on moving in a more shareholder-driven course. This is confirming by the expanding corporate impact of shareholder engagement and activism, and shareholder recommendations and votes. This pattern is connec ted to the grouping of possession in broad daylight and private annuity reserves and other institutional speculators in the course of recent years, and has picked up backing from different government legislative and administrative activities. Most as of late, it has been driven by the ascent in support stock investments activism. The changing in the governance is associated with the risk of short-term return versus long-term investment, the value of shareholders to the organization and Litigation Protectionism (Tao and Hutchinson 2013). All these factors will bring lot of changes to the organization and their unknown outcome is the biggest risk. Benefits of changing corporate governance From the earliest, corporate governance has procured undertone of policing the cheats. Significant explanation behind "confrontationist" feeling is that administrators stay unconvinced that corporate administration is an effective device for straightforward, judicious and participative administration that could be reasonable to all partners and still upgrade estimation of an undertaking and additionally compensate them proportionate with execution. Thus, a few administrators watch corporate governance since it is hard to straightforwardly protest responsibility to shareholders, who have taken a chance with their capital and obligation to different partners, whose vocation relies on judicious administration (Kim and Lu 2013). Nor would they be able to be seen to resentment the privilege of partners to get a genuine picture of business execution and style of administration. Maybe disappointment in tolerating entire heartedly the soul of corporate governance is because of trepidation of weakening of power as opposed to with any arrangement for misconduct. Understanding this internal problem of directors and resting confidence in them, the Committee, while highlighting uncalled for governance practices, selected deliberate consistence and composed a standardizing set of principles. In the event that corporate governance has expected negative undertone, it is largely because of defenselessness with respect to shareholders to manage degenerate and bumbling supervisors (Pham, Suchard and Zein 2012). Unexpectedly, focused business environment is bringing the best out of administrators as a class. Corporate governance has turned into a disputes issue in light of the fact that while engaging sheets and shareholders to manage uncouth and degenerate chiefs is a moderately simple matter, managing merciless infringement of soul of corporate administration by 'astounding supervisors, who have made extraordinary shareholder quality, is one the greatest difficulties. Good gover nance is an essential circumstance for achieving superiority, not a sufficient one (Allegrini and Greco 2013). Good governance is a source of competitive advantage and critical to economic progress. The company will get the benefit through the change governance by implementing the proper functional area to the right person. The board director should consist of only executive members so that they take responsibility of every activity and employees will become more responsible to the organization. Proper monitoring will also improve because directors are aware of the activities and no one will be able to misguide them (Khan, Muttakin and Siddiqui 2013). Considerations for a successful board For the company to develop and stay sound, board individuals must develop in their parts to wind up to a greater degree a "governing board". Organization will guarantee that your board has the essential parts, strategies and practices set up from which to build up a sound governing board. A perfect panel is one that facilitate intimately with the CEO or the President of the organization to provide not just backing or course to him or her, yet other, that likewise challenges the chief executive officer to ensure that they drives the organization as per the organization's arrangements (Tao and Hutchinson 2013). These are unsuccessful and the board ought to be the column that holds the organization awake. The panel is in charge of the achievement or disappointment of the organization. Besides, it is the spirit in addition to inner voice of the endeavor. On the other hand, that administration is not doing its occupation that is because the board is not burden its employment in the princi pal occasion. The command of the chief executive officer, guided by a dynamic board, is to force the estimation of the organization. A panel serves the business - not particular shareholders; therefore, several considerations that are important for the successful board development. The qualification of the board members should match certain criteria to become eligible (McCahery, Sautner and Starks 2016). The responsibility of the board members is one of the aspects because he is responsible to benefit the organization and the shareholders. To become a successful board member it is important to adhere to the applicable legislation such as Employment values, community Services, Tax Act, and Workers reimbursement. Leaving a directorship will not evacuate any obligation that happened while being a board member. Board members are still in charge of activities, which happened amid their position (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). Anybody thinking about a board position should look for t heir own legitimate counsel and step to "slug verification" him or herself. Recommendations Solid foundation should be laid for the management so that they can operate through a particular direction and support employees to enhance their effectiveness. The structure of the board is also important that should cover every functional area of the organization to support every activity in a legal manner. The board member should act ethically because they will incorporate the same practice to the employees and the organization will develop a unique culture. Integrity should be maintained during the corporate reporting because it will have the same effect during the organizational activity. The board structure should respect and value to the shareholder of the organization so further investment become easier and the growth will remain in a continuous pace. Conclusion The law does not support corporate governance of the organization because CEO is supporting the three non-executive members who are not eligible in their respective position to support the different functions. The report summarizes the importance of developing good governance with proper experience and qualified personnel. The external auditor become the chief financial officer of the organization, which is a good step because he or she knows every aspect, and can conduct good governance to the employees. The structural change is also important due to the change in the function and responsibility. Reference list Ahmed, K. and Henry, D., 2012. Accounting conservatism and voluntary corporate governance mechanisms by Australian firms.Accounting Finance,52(3), pp.631-662. Allegrini, M. and Greco, G., 2013. Corporate boards, audit committees and voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Italian listed companies.Journal of Management Governance,17(1), pp.187-216. Chan, M.C., Watson, J. and Woodliff, D., 2014. Corporate governance quality and CSR disclosures.Journal of Business Ethics,125(1), pp.59-73. Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J. and Stewart, J., 2015. Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?.Accounting Finance,55(1), pp.133-164. Denis, D.K., 2016. Corporate Governance and the Goal of the Firm: In Defense of Shareholder Wealth Maximization.Forthcoming in the Financial Review. Honor, F., Munari, F. and de La Potterie, B.V.P., 2015. Corporate governance practices and companies RD intensity: Evidence from European countries.Research policy,44(2), pp.533-543. Joseph, J., Ocasio, W. and McDonnell, M.H., 2014. The structural elaboration of board independence: Executive power, institutional logics, and the adoption of CEO-only board structures in US corporate governance.Academy of Management Journal,57(6), pp.1834-1858. Khan, A., Muttakin, M.B. and Siddiqui, J., 2013. Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy.Journal of business ethics,114(2), pp.207-223. Kim, E.H. and Lu, Y., 2013. Corporate governance reforms around the world and cross-border acquisitions.Journal of Corporate Finance,22, pp.236-253. Kleinknecht, R.H., 2015. Employee participation in corporate governance: Implications for company resilience.European Journal of Industrial Relations,21(1), pp.57-72. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. McCahery, J.A., Sautner, Z. and Starks, L.T., 2016. Behind the scenes: The corporate governance preferences of institutional investors.The Journal of Finance. Ntim, C.G. and Soobaroyen, T., 2013. Corporate governance and performance in socially responsible corporations: New empirical insights from a Neo Institutional framework.Corporate Governance: An International Review,21(5), pp.468-494. Pham, P.K., Suchard, J.A. and Zein, J., 2012. Corporate governance and the cost of capital: Evidence from Australian companies.Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,24(3), pp.84-93. Subramaniam, N., Stewart, J., Ng, C. and Shulman, A., 2013. Understanding corporate governance in the Australian public sector: A social capital approach.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(6), pp.946-977. Tao, N.B. and Hutchinson, M., 2013. Corporate governance and risk management: The role of risk management and compensation committees.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,9(1), pp.83-99. Too, E.G. and Weaver, P., 2014. The management of project management: A conceptual framework for project governance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1382-1394. Tricker, B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Young, S. and Thyil, V., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Role of context in international settings.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.1-24.

How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies Essay Example

How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? Essay In the study of 20th-century history there can be no foreign policys more influential to the geo-political map than those of Hitler and Stalin. As the autocratic leaders of Germany and Russia, both of which were potential superpowers, the power wielded by them, in their own country and on the world stage, shaped the development of Europe in the last century The period specified in the question has obviously not been selected at random, as January 30th 1933 saw Hitler become Chancellor of Germany, heralding the dawn of the Third Reich and by the end of 1941Germany was at war with Russia and had just declared war on the United States of America. Stalin had seen his former ally invade Russia and had consequently transferred his countrys allegiance to reconvene the allies of the First World War. In discussion of the question posed, this essay will first explore the positions of Hitler and Stalin in 1933 and the circumstances that had formed these positions. It will then move onto the aims and ideologies of the two leaders within the timeframe of 1933 to 1939. The years of 1939 to 1941 will be discussed as a period, as the two leaders foreign policies became entwined before violently diverging. We will write a custom essay sample on How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the Pocket Oxford Dictionary the adjective consistent is defined as, compatible or in harmony or alternatively, constant to the same principles. Using these definitions in the study of the two leaders foreign policies a theme emerges, this theme is based in the contrast between the rigid ideologies of Hitler and Stalin, set against their personal pragmatism and opportunism in the short-term pursuit of their ideological goals. Due to the evolutionary nature of foreign policy, it is important to look at earlier factors, before studying the period stipulated by the question. The first of these is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed on the third of March 1918, which extracted Bolshevik Russia from the First World War. It was entered into by the Russians in order to consolidate the revolutionary government and in signing it Russia capitulated to Germany. It represented a trade-off between time against land and proved expensive for Russia, as she surrendered all the territories gained since the 16th century, including Finland, the Ukraine and the Polish and Baltic territories, in total one million square kilometres and one-third of her population. These terms would be remembered by the Russian government and in particular Stalin in later years. The Treaty of Versailles was condemned for its se verity, however the terms imposed on Russia by the Brest-Litovsk Treaty were far harsher. The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28th of June 1919, brought the First World War to an end. The German delegation to the peace conference set out, in the firm belief that the settlement would be a negotiated one. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 27). This was not to be; under threat of Allied invasion the German representatives were forced to cede to the allies and submit to terms of a diktat. The German view of the armistice as a truce was dismissed by article 231, The War Guilt Clause, which laid the blame for World War One on Germany. In order to settle this account with the allies an eighth of German European territory was divided up and given to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland and Czechoslovakia. The loss of the port of Danzig, as it became a free city under the newly formed League of Nations, and the corridor which linked it to Poland particularly rankled with Germany, nationalists referring to it as the open wound in the east. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 2). Union with Austria was forbidden, the Rhineland was demilitarised and the Saar basin was placed under international control, resulting in the loss of its iron and steel industry. In conjunction with The War Guilt Clause reparations were demanded from Germany totalling 132 billion gold marks, with a payment plan stretching to 1988. There were also strict limitations imposed on Germanys armed forces, including the numbers retained, a ban on conscription, limitations of ships tonnage and the banning of all aircraft, airships and submarines. Her borders were also redrawn resulting in 13% of the German population being marooned beyond the original German borders, making them ethnic minorities of their new countries. The treaty was neither conciliatory nor crushing in its treatment of Germany, producing a vengeful Germany (The Origins of the Second World War. A W. Perdue, page 13), bitter at her treatment by the allies, It was this profound sense of injustice that infused all Germanys foreign policy during the years that followed. (The Road To War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 28). Two other treaties, which had a bearing on later foreign policy, were the Rappallo Treaty of April 1922 and the Locarno Treaty of December 1925. Rapallo is significant as it signalled the re-emergence of the signatories, Russia and Germany, from the wilderness of defeat and revolution back to the political stage. The importance of the Locarno Treaty is drawn from its ability to please all parties involved, including a German delegation. Among its stipulations was that Germany should be accepted into the League of Nations, this helped to encourage the feeling that the Germans were now treated as equals, not the defeated enemy (The Origins of the Second World War. AJP Taylor, page 83). Hitler became Chancellor Germany on January 30th 1933, in a period of economic decline he offered bread and work whilst stirring up old feelings of bitterness against the victors of World War One coupled with reminders of Germanys period of humiliation. At the time of his ascension to power Hitlers aims and ideology can be divided into five areas, the first and most immediate of which was for Germany to become a great power again. This was a broad aim encompassing economic restructure and growth, rearmament and the acceptance by the German people of the Nazi ideology of Social Darwinism and the concept of the Aryan Master race. The second aim was the reversion of the Versailles Treaty, important as it symbolised all that was negative in recent German history and, by its conditions, it restricted the countrys growth and separated her people. Hitlers concept of lebensraum, or living space, had been sketched out in Mein Kampf eight years before and was an integral element of his plans f or Germany to become a world power, without space Germany would decline however strong her racial stock (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 44). His fourth aim was closely associated with the lebensraums expansion eastwards, as it was the destruction of communism. The ideologies of fascism and communism were diametrically opposed and Hitler also believed that Bolshevik Russia was part of the Jewish world conspiracy. Settlement of the Jewish problem is the last of the five aims and it can be seen that it runs in harmony with Hitlers views concerning racial purity, lebensraum and the destruction of communism. Although Hitlers aims remained consistent from the 1920s throughout, during his early years in power priority was given to the rebuilding of Germany economically, as he needed to consolidate his partys political power and without a strong base Germany would be unable to pursue any of his further aims in foreign policy. During the years of economic recovery and political stabilisation German foreign policy remained restrained and circumspect. (The Road To War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 39). Openly speeches were made on the revisionist policies towards Versailles, always tempered with talk of peace and allies, whilst in private, although vague, Hitler spoke of conquest in the east, Germanisation, rearmament and the annulment of Versailles. In line with his future plans for Germany Hitlers first steps into foreign policy withdrew Germany from the disarmament conference and the League of Nations, on the grounds of parity in arms. His consistent anti-Soviet rhetoric severely damaged rela tions with Russia formed by the Rappallo treaty, which was eventually destroyed by Germanys non-aggression pact with Poland, signed in January 1934. This was the first of a number of pacts signed to prevent Soviet attempts at collective security and was an example of long-term ideological goals, i.e. lebensraum, being pursued at the expense of frontier revision. It seemed to be an about face in policy and was unpopular as Poland held large areas of land, formally part of Germany, but to Hitler it was an important buffer between Germany and Soviet Russia. By 1936 both Hitlers and the Nazis power had been consolidated, Germanys economy was in a much stronger position and a strident rearmament program had just begun. Coupled with Germanys secure foundation was Britain and Frances desire to uphold peace in Europe above all else, demonstrated by their uncoordinated and weak response to Italys attack on Ethiopia in 1935. Sensing an opportunity, presented by the preoccupation of international politics with the Abyssinian crisis, Hitler decided to restore full German sovereignty to the Rhineland. Even though this action violated both the treatys of Versailles and Locarno the gamble paid off, as it provoked only verbal protests from the British and French governmen ts. Fuelled by his success, the initiative in German foreign policy from 1936 passed to Hitler embarked on an active and aggressive pursuit of his goals, prompted by the opportunities presented by a failing League of Nations and Britain and Frances weakness due to economic crisis, and political instability. There was also an underlying feeling in Europe that some revision of Versailles was necessary and the fear of a second war in thirty years amongst the British and French politicians weakened their position. For Hitler a war was inevitable if Germany was to realise her potential and his plans, it was only the timing that was flexible, as in his view war was a necessity, a natural outcome of the competition between races. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 45). With the knowledge of Germanys limits and the rest of Europes fears Hitler was astute enough to recognise, the role of circumstances and opportunity in international affairs. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 45). This consistency in ideological aims pursued by flexible opportunism in foreign policy would become a hallmark for Hitlers actions throughout the period 1933 to 1941. On the fifth of November 1937 an infamous meeting took place, during which Hitler outlined his immediate plans to his commanders-in-chief. These included the annexation of Austria, the destruction of Czechoslovakia, the gain of European lebensraum and a major conflict with the great powers, to occur no later than 1943/45. The authenticity of the document which recorded this meeting, known as the Hossbach memorandum, has been disputed, but even if it is not entirely accurate it is still a testament to the consistency of Hitlers ideological goals. The achievement of these goals through the opportunist application of foreign policy was also consistent as Austria was marked out to become a province of the Third Reich, an objective he had stated on page one of Mein Kampf fourteen years before. (Hitler and Stalin Parallel Lives. Bullock, page 617). The Anschlus was achieved in March 1938 by a mixture of political chicanery and Nazi bullyboy tactics employed against Austrias politicians. Austro-German unity was specifically forbidden under the terms of the treaty of Versailles, but again the action only provoked verbal chastisement. The previous year Eden had told Ribbentrop people in England recognised that a close connection between Germany and Austria would have to come at some time. (Europe 1880 to 1945. Roberts, page 427). Buoyed by the ease of his success, achieved under the pretext of uniting the German people, liberation of the three and a quarter million Germans of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia became the next item on Hitlers foreign policy agenda. Originally Czechoslovakia was the goal but Hitler settled for the Sudetenland at the Munich conference, mainly because he could not be sure of the Soviet response if he used force and the possibility of war on two fronts, a repeat of a major World War One mistake, was to be avoided at all costs. Even though Britain and France stood their ground against Germanys use of force and saw it as a victory, peace in our time, Hitler had again collected the spoils of war without a fight. The appeasement policy of Britain and France at Munich showed a further extent to their weakness to him, which he intended to exploit further in 1939. A search for security against Nazi aggression and expansion was the great continuity in Soviet policy from 1933-41, not a quest for alliance with the future enemy. (The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War. G. Roberts, page 4). Nevertheless Soviet Russias alliance with Nazi Germany was the result of Stalins pursuit of his aims and foreign policy of the 1930s. In 1933 Stalins aims bore more than a passing resemblance to Hitlers, the most constant and overriding of which was to maintain the security of the Soviet nation. This concern bordered on paranoia at times, but it was understandable to a degree, as Soviet Russia was the only communist country, with a completely different ideology in a capitalist world. There were advantages to this ideological isolation as Stalin had been able to carry out the rebuilding of the country without worrying too much about foreign policy or events outside his borders. There is no doubt that another of Stalins aims was for Russia to become a great world power, if only to reflect his own personal success and the success of communism as a practical ideology. Coupled with this aim was the reversion of the Brest-Litovsk treaty, which had deprived Russia of land, and resources. Once established as world power opportunities may arise to reclaim the lost territories. The rise of fascism in the twenties and thirties and its condemnation of communism made it a threat to Russian security, therefore its containment and defeat was an aim, as the security of the nation was paramount. Finally, the aim to spread world communism was a stated objective of communist ideology; the initial hope that the 1917 revolution would spark others had not occurred, but this ideologica l objective remained a constant factor in Soviet foreign policy. Stalins foreign policy throughout the 1930s can be seen as a complex balancing act, whereby he endeavoured to maintain Russias semi-isolated stance but was prepared to be more involved in world and European politics in order to maintain the balance of power in Europe and thereby safeguard Soviet interests. The ideological differences between Soviet Russia and the other countries of Europe always meant that Stalin was suspicious of their motives, his view regarding any dealings with capitalist countries was that they were to be entered into with a healthy mistrust. By the end of 1933 Hitler and the Nazi partys publicly stated anti-communist stance had prompted Soviet Russia to embark on the foreign policy of collective security, i.e. to the construction of a system of alliances with other states designed to curb Nazi aggression and expansionism. (The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War. Bullock, page 47). The first evidence of this policy was the Soviet entry into the League of Nations in September 1934. Russias policy of collective security from 1933-39 was based in a belief that the imperialist nations had divided into two camps, the aggressive containing Germany, Japan and Italy and the democratic with Britain, France and the United States of America as members. As it was the aggressive camp that threatened Soviet security, Russias interests became aligned with those of the democratic camp. For Stalin there was a concern over alliance with the democratic countries, as in their future efforts to avoid a war they may steer the aggressive alliance eastwards towards Russia. A situation that would leave her alone to fight their war, should they renegade on their collect ive security responsibilities. In an effort to counter this problem Stalins foreign policy was to hedge his bets by maintaining efforts to improve German/Soviet relations while signing non-aggression pacts, containing little or no Russian commitment to assistance in the event of war. The period of appeasement by France and Britain and their hidden agenda of directing the aggressive powers eastwards did nothing to quell Stalins fears over the failure of collective security. Although powerless to prevent either the remilitarisation of the Rhineland or the Anschlus of Austria, both Russia and France had commitments to Czechoslovakia through mutual assistance treaties. The noncommittal French response to Soviet enquiries regarding a combined action in defence of Czechoslovakia from Germany and the subsequent betrayal of the country at Munich signalled to Stalin that his fears over collective security were likely to be realised. From the Soviet point of view, the Munich crisis presented the last chance to stop Hitler without all-out war, although collective security, as a policy was not formally abandoned after Munich, Soviet foreign policy was now directed to finding a war fighting alliance. Collective security was superseded by strategy of collective defence. (The Unholy Alliance. G. Roberts, page 93). In order to maintain his long-term goals Stalins ideology would be required to be flexible. The period of 1939-41 is dominated, in terms of Hitler and Stalins foreign policy, by the formation and dissolution of the German/Russian Non-Aggression Pact, signed on the 23rd of August 1939. Initially, the notion of a pact between these two opposed ideologies, publicly committed to the eradication of one another, seemed improbable at the least. Therefore the pacts existence stands as testimony to the pragmatism of both Hitler and Stalin, both of whom had never dismissed the possibility and thereby compromised their respective ideologies with practical foreign policies. The Soviet choice in August 39 was a rational, even predictable one. It was avowedly opportunistic but Stalin had never pretended that soviet foreign policy was anything else. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 246). Stalins decision to enter into a pact with his ideological enemy was based on the following reasoning. The failure of collective security, still pursued by the Soviet Union until the middle of August 39, in the face of British time wasting and the Polish refusal to grant passage to Red Army troops, enabling them to advance on Germany. Even if a settlement could be reached with Britain and France what could they offer Stalin? At best, the hostility of Germany and at worst involvement in a European war, their preparations for which appeared inadequate and based on defensive rather than aggressive tactics, neither of these facts gave Stalin any confidence in their proposals. Another factor was the fear that Britain and France would abandon the Soviet Union in a combined stand against the imminent German action against Poland. The appeasement policy may be used to encourage Germanys interests eastwards, so in signing the pact both of these threats were removed, even if, with regard to Germanys interest in the east, the respite was temporary. During the hasty negotiations Stalin also managed to obtain German guarantees on a Soviet sphere of influence i n the Baltic States, Finland and eastern territories of Poland, detailed in a secret additional protocol to the pact, revising the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. For Hitler, the most immediate reason for the forming of the pact lay in the premise that without Soviet support Britain and France would not take military action against him when his plan for Poland was executed. It would also remove the possibility of a two front war, for which he did not have sufficient resources, however lebensraum and the destruction of communism could be pursued again, once the threat from Britain and France had been neutralised. Any chance of an encirclement of Germany by Allied countries would be thwarted and the psychologically damaging revival of First World War entente between Britain, France and Russia could not returned to haunt him. Safe in the knowledge that he had tamed Stalin and the non-aggression pact was signed and sealed Hitlers forces invaded Poland on the first of September 1939. Originally planned for 26th of August the invasion was put back until the pact with Stalin was complete, such was its significance. This time verbal protests were followed by an ultimatum, and on the third of September Britain and France declared war on Germany, an act that surprised Hitler who had expected appeasement, as before. The pacts lifespan was less than two years, destroyed by Hitlers invasion of Russia on the 22nd June 1941. Named Operation Barbarossa, it signalled the return of Hitler to his ideology demonstrated by foreign policy. In the last six months of the pact Stalin had tried to extend the Soviet sphere of influence to the Balkans, making demands on Germany, mistakenly in the belief that Hitler needed him more than he needed Hitler. The demands were read as threatening and only added to the list of reasons for the implementation of Operation Barbarrossa. These included, Hitlers theory that Soviet or American intervention was seen as a prop for Britain which she may have been holding out for, therefore the destruction of Russia removed one of these props and would allow Japan freedom to concentrate on America. Other factors were lebensraum, racial and political hatred, and Hitler was also worried that once Britain was defeated he would be incapable of rousing the German people to fight Russia . Hitler had rationalised the two front war, something that his foreign policy had previously been consistent in its avoidance of. Although wary of using the term alliance, Churchill immediately agreed to fight alongside Stalin, paving the way to the rekindling of the World War One entente between Britain, France and Russia. Hitlers last significant act of foreign policy before the end of 1941 was the declaration of war on the United States of America on the 11th of December. It came four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and initially the decision may be seen as an act of hubris. To Hitler, the declaration was seen as an opportunity to formalise the state of relations already in existence with America, due to her support of Britain, whilst retaining the advantage of control of the situation. As von Ribbentrop told Weizsacker at the time, A great power doesnt let itself have war declared on it, it declares war itself. (Hitler Nemesis. Ian Kershaw, page 446). A revised tripartite pact tied Germany to war with the USA, as a partner of Japan, so after Japans declaration of war it was therefore inevitable. Hitlers miscalculation lay in the presumption that Japan would reciprocate and declare war on Britain and that the USA would concentrate her efforts, and underestimated resources, in the Paci fic rather than Europe. The decision to declare war on the USA was both pragmatic and opportunistic although it had no foundation in Hitlers original ideology making it a departure from the consistent decision-making process he had previously employed.

Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law

Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday's Law Electromagnetic induction (also known as Faradays law of electromagnetic induction or just induction, but not to be confused with inductive reasoning), is a process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current- it is said to induce the current. Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction Michael Faraday is given credit for the discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831, though some others had noted similar behavior in the years prior to this. The formal name for the physics equation that defines the behavior of an induced electromagnetic field from the magnetic flux (change in a magnetic field) is Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. The process of electromagnetic induction works in reverse as well, so that a moving electrical charge generates a magnetic field. In fact, a traditional magnet  is the result of the individual motion of the electrons within the individual atoms of the magnet, aligned so that the generated magnetic field is in a uniform direction. In non-magnetic materials, the electrons move in such a way that the individual magnetic fields point in different directions, so they cancel each other out and the net magnetic field generated is negligible. Maxwell-Faraday Equation The more generalized equation is one of Maxwells equations, called the Maxwell-Faraday equation, which defines the relationship between changes in electrical fields and magnetic fields. It takes the form of: ∇Ãâ€"E – ∂B / ∂t where the ∇Ãâ€" notation is known as the curl operation, the E is the electric field (a vector quantity) and B is the magnetic field (also a vector quantity). The symbols ∂ represent the partial differentials, so the right-hand of the equation is the negative partial differential of the magnetic field with respect to time. Both E and B are changing in terms of time t, and since they are moving the position of the fields are also changing.

Placement Experience Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Placement Experience Report - Assignment Example It is a voluntary non-profit making school. The school’s mission statement is â€Å"ensuring that all kids learn in the best ways possible and grow with confidence and dignity†. According to the Ofsted survey’s, of 2008 the school was ranked as an outstanding one with qualified staff. The main aim of the placement is to provide some experience to work in a special school, for a chance to learn some of the best professions in my studies, and learn more about teaching skills and enhance my communication skills (John, McGrath, and Mathur, 2008). The following section discusses the two objectives set out, their strengths and weakness in the course of their realisation. Objective One The first objective aims at engaging the young children in communication while in small working groups. The objective was realized with ease in communication with the children, teaching and other the staff members. The tactic of realizing the objective was via placing the children in smal l groups to effectively enhance one on one conversation among them and enhance my personal interaction with the pupils. This can be supported by Mauro’s work (2012, p. 16-20) that working in small groups enhances communication. The level of interaction among pupils and the staff was evidenced in the playground. This was critical as supported by Gargiulo and Kilgo (2005, p. 283); Plattner (1997): that play is logical and natural activity for incorporating skills of pupils with disabilities. My supervisor gave a positive feedback on this objective after discussing my action plan with her; this proved it was relevant, workable and highly crucial. Communication enhances actions by turning information into ideas (Barker, 2006, p. 7). Thus, the objective enhanced achievements via coming up with new ideas. The interaction enhanced the use of self-attributes to enhance the pupils understanding like humor. This can be supported by Plattner (1997, p. 10) who clearly states that capital izing on humor enhances attracting attention of the audience. Further, English not being a first language, my placement gave me the opportunity to interact and improve my communication skills. Strengths and weaknesses in the course of realizing objective one The objective was not without a strong point of it being achieved. The high level of interaction experienced was crucial in this career of catering for the special pupils. High level of organization in setting out roles and working on is another fact that was confirmed in my placement. Good listening skills were confirmed during the placement: most of the things learnt were through listening. With immense help of the teacher while working with the pupils, my communication was greatly enhanced. This was favored by the constant communication fostered by the constant interactions made with the class. Fast understanding of things helped so much in realizing this objective because it would in serving the pupils needs immediately. The main challenge to this objective is the time factor: the placement time was limited and thus realizing the full intensity of the objective was a great challenge. Achieving this objective and delivering the set concepts in a lesson requires more time than the set one. This is due to the time taken to interact with virtually every pupil. Fear to enquire from the teachers about the pupils conditions was another challenge encountered. This called for time to identify

Learning Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Learning Environment - Research Paper Example Then, there is something called the honor code. "From 1913 to World War II, the honor system expanded to all academics, including problem sets, lab reports, and essays. After the war, with perhaps some influence from the military, the treatment of [school] property and the theft of personal belongings became an important part of honor [in school]" (History of the Honor System, 2002, p. 1). With the honor code, the responsibility for maintaining honor lies with the students. "One element of an integrity strategyis the use of an honor code, which has been related to a reduction in academic dishonestyHonor codes typically have some of the following characteristics: unproctored examinations, a pledge students sign on exams and assignmentsin which students are encouraged to reporttheir peers' academic dishonesty" (Konheim-Kalkstein, 2006, p. 169). Conversely, if students are furtive or are trying to cheat, most likely the fact is that they are simply dishonest. Simply put, academic honesty in the classroom can be difficult to maintain, especially if there is no way to assess the standards put in place by the teacher. Integrity is typically categorized as character. ... 169). The honor code may work, or it may not, depending upon the individual students' level of honesty. If they are generally morally-abiding students, they are less likely to cheat or lie. Conversely, if students are furtive or are trying to cheat, most likely the fact is that they are simply dishonest. Simply put, academic honesty in the classroom can be difficult to maintain, especially if there is no way to assess the standards put in place by the teacher. III. Implications of Different Theories in Integrity Integrity is typically categorized as character. "Integrity is one of the most important and oft-cited of virtue terms," and here four types of integrity will be discussed: integrity as standing for something; integrity as moral purpose; integrity as virtue; and integrity in relation to social and political conditions (Integrity, 2008, p. 1). Cheshire Calhoun, in his piece Standing for Something, notes that "integrity hinges on acting on one's own views, not the right views (as those might be determined independently of the agent's own opinion)" (Calhoun, 1995, p. 250). Standing for something is typically seen as weak in some circles. However, having the courage to stick to one's morals or values in life is commonly seen globally as a strength. There is the old saying which many know, "Stand for something or you'll fall for anything." Many times people have to rely on their gut instinct in order to know what to do in a particular situation. Let's take a particular situation, where a student is faced with the opportunity to cheat off another student's work in class. Realistically, the student may just cheat. However, perhaps the student may

Research in Psychology Mozart Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research in Psychology Mozart Effect - Essay Example The third group was the control group and was subjected to no music at all. The first group was tested for the alternative hypothesis and was reported to demonstrate a higher level of success result on the memory test scores whereas the members of the second group lagged behind in performing well on the memory test scores. However, in addition to this, the positive effect of rock music has been tracked and noticed which has then been incorporated and discussed in the study. The Mozart's effect was first coined by Alfred Tomatis who observed that Mozart's music created the greatest healing effect on human body. His proposition was that listening to the composition of Mozart can enhance the general intellect level in human beings along with sharpening of the spatial understanding skills and capabilities. For quite some time, the discipline of mind that is psychology has developed independently by divorcing itself from the science of the brain networking and its functioning, that is neuroscience. Psychologists have always been interested in our mental functioning and their capacities with special interest and focus on how we learn, remember, and imagine. The interest of neuroscientists in the development and functioning of brain has led to the furthering of studies which now encompass our mental software from the brain along with the working and performance of our neural hardware. Don Campbell in his book The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power o... Don Campbell in his book The Mozart Effect: Tapping the Power of Music to Heal the Body, Strengthen the Mind and Unlock the Creative Spirit has stressed on the positive effects on the vocal, emotional and general skills related to spatial intelligence in direct correlation with Mozart's effect. In addition, he has talked about the outcomes on improved concentration and memory, enhanced creative progression of the right-brain and strengthening in common intuitive thinking skills. Background Information on the Topic It is believed that Mozart's music serves as a carrier, in that we use its beat or melody to help encode the content for relaxation and elation. Later on Rauscher, K.Y. and Shaw (1993) carried out an experiment on the basis of 'Mozart's effect', called the Music and Spatial Task Performance. It was found that the participants who had listened to Mozart's music scored 8-9 point higher as compared to those who either listened to another piece of music or listened to nothing at all. The piece of music used for this study was Mozart's 'Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K448'.Campbell (1997) further supported the study. However, this study was criticized by Steele (1999) who had tried to replicate the original study but failed to find any improvements Creation of Essential Question The essential question would be, that is there any presence of a positive cause and effect relationship on the memory status of the students who listen to Mozart's music, as it is propagated in the theory of Mozart's effect. HypothesisThe hypothesis that is to be tested for this study is, "Listening to Mozart's music has no effect on human memory" Review of Literature William Forde Thompson, E. Glenn Schellenberg, Gabriela Husain (2001) have

Polymer Profiles: An Overview

Polymer Profiles: An Overview 4.4. POLYMER PROFILES: Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) Synonyms: Cellulose Hydroxypropyl methyl ether Functional Category: Release retardant, Coating purpose it used, film-former, suspending agent, stabilizing agent, tablet binder and viscosity increasing agent. Pharmaceutical application: Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose is widely used in oral formulations. It is used in contain solution of 2-20 % w/w in tablet coating of tablets. In aqueous coating low viscosity grades of Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in aqueous coating solution used while higher viscosity grades are used with organic solvents. It is also used as a suspending and thickening agent in topical formulations. CARBOPOL Synonyms: Acritamer; acrylic acid polymer; Carbopol; carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid; carboxyvinyl polymer; Pemulen; Ultrez Solubility: Carbopol is soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin. Functional Category: Bio adhesive, emulsifying agent, release- modifying agent, Suspending agent, tablet binder, viscosity-increasing agent. Pharmaceutical Applications: In tablet formulations, Carbomer are used as dry or wet binders and as a rate controlling Excepient. In wet granulation processes, water or an alcohol–water blend is used as the granulating fluid. Anhydrous organic solvents have also been used, with the inclusion of a polymeric binder. The tackiness of the wet mass can be reduced with the addition of certain cationic species to the granulating fluid. POLYMETHACRYLATES Description: Polymethacrylates are synthetic cationic and anionic polymers of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylates, methacrylic acid, and methacrylic acid esters in varying ratios. Several different types are commercially available and may be obtained as the dry powder, as an aqueous dispersion, or as an organic solution. Functional Category: Film former,tablet binder,enteric coating polymer Table 1.8. Solubility and Applications in Pharmaceutical Formulation or Technology: Type Supply form Recommended solvents Solubility/ permeability Applications Eudragit RL100 Granules Acetone, Alcohols High permeability Sustained release Eudragit RS 100 Granules Acetone, Alcohols Low permeability Sustained release Eudragit RS PO Powder Acetone, Alcohols Low permeability Sustained release GLYCERYL BEHENATE Synonyms: Compritol 888 ATO; 2,3-dihydroxypropyldocosanoate; docosanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester; glycerol behenate; glyceryl monobehenate; tribehenin. Functional Category: Coating agent; tablet binder; tablet and capsule lubricant. Pharmaceutical Applications: In pharmaceutical formulations, glyceryl behenate is mainly used as a tablet and capsule lubricant and as a lipidic coating Excepient. It has been investigated for use in the preparation of sustained release tablets, and as a matrix- forming agent for the controlled release of water-soluble drugs. SODIUM ALGINATE Synonyms: Algin; alginic acid, sodium salt; Kelcosol; Keltone; Protanal; sodium polymannuronate. Functional Category: Stabilizing agent; Suspending agent;tablet and capsule Disintegrant; tablet binder; viscosity-increasing agent. Pharmaceutical Applications: In tablet formulations, sodium alginate may be used as both a binder and Disintegrant; It has been used as a diluent in capsule formulations. Sodium alginate has also been used in the preparation of sustained-release oral formulations since it can delay the dissolution of a drug from tablets, capsules, and aqueous suspensions. CHITOSAN Synonyms: 2-Amino-2-deoxy-(1,4)-ÃŽ ²-D-glucopyranan,deacetylatedchitin, Chemical Name: Poly-ÃŽ ²-(1, 4)-2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Functional Category: Coating agent, film-forming agent, Mucoadhesive tablet binder and viscosity-increasing agent. Applications: It is used as a component of sustained release dosage form mucoadhesive dosage forms. XANTHAN GUM Synonyms: Corn sugar gum, Keltrol, Rhodigel, Vanzan NF, Xantural. Functional Category: Stabilizing agent; suspending agent; viscosity-increasing agent. Pharmaceutical Applications: Used in cosmetic and foods as a suspending and stabilizing agent. Although primarily used as a suspending agent, Xanthan gum has also been used to prepare sustained-release matrix tablets. GUAR GUM Synonyms: Galactosol; gaurflour; jaguar gum; meprogat; meyprodor. Chemical name: Galactomannan polysaccharide. Functional Category: Suspending agent, Tablet binder, Tablet disintegrant, Viscosity increasing agent. Applications in Pharmaceutical Technology: Used in solid dosage forms as a binder (up to 10%) and disintegrant. Used in oral and topical products as a suspending, thickening (up to 2.5%) and stabilizing agent (1%).Used in colon targeted drug delivery systems. Also, used in cosmetic and food products. POLY VINYL PYRROLIDINE (PVP) Synonyms:Kollidon;Plasdone;poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylene]; polyvidone; polyvinylpyrrolidone; PVP; 1-vinyl-2- pyrrolidine polymer. Functional Category: Disintegrant; dissolution aid; suspending agent; tablet binder. Pharmaceutical Applications: Primarily used in solid-dosage form. In tableting, Povidone solutions are used as binders in wet-granulation processes. Povidone is also added to powder blends in the dry form and granulated in situ by the addition of water, alcohol, or hydro alcoholic solutions. Carrier for drugs 10-25% of solution is used and in case of tablet binder, coating agent it is used in 0.5-5%. TALC Synonyms: Altalc; hydrous magnesium calcium silicate; hydrous magnesium silicate; Luzenac; Luzenac Pharma; magnesium hydrogen metasilicate; Magsil Osmanthus; Magsil Star; powdered talc; purified French chalk; Purtalc; soapstone; steatite; Superiore. Functional Category: Anticaking agent; Glidant; tablet and capsule diluent; tablet and capsule lubricant. Pharmaceutical Applications: Talc was once widely used in oral solid dosage formulations as a lubricant and diluent, although today it is less commonly used. However, it is widely used as a dissolution retardant in the development of controlled- release product. AEROSIL (COLLOIDAL SILICON DIOXIDE) Synonyms: Colloidal silica; fumed silica; light anhydrous silicic acid; silicic anhydride; silicon dioxide fumed. Functional Category: Adsorbent; Anticaking agent; emulsion stabilizer; Glidant; suspending agent; tablet Disintegrant; thermal stabilizer; viscosity-increasing agent. Pharmaceutical Applications: Its small particle size and large specific surface area give it desirable flow characteristics that are exploited to improve the flow properties of dry powders in a number of processes such as tableting. Colloidal silicon dioxide is also used as a tablet Disintegrant and as an adsorbent dispersing agent for liquids in powders. used to stabilize emulsions and as a thixotropic thickening and suspending agent in gels and semisolid preparations MAGNESIUM STEARATE Synonyms: Metallic stearate, Magnesium salt. Functional Category: Tablet and capsule lubricant, Glidant, Anti-Adherent. Pharmaceutical Applications: Tablet and capsule lubricant, Glidant, Anti-Adherent. MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (MCC) Synonyms: Avicel PH; Celex; cellulose gel; Celphere; Ceolus KG; crystalline cellulose; E460; Emcocel; Ethispheres; Fibrocel; Pharmacel; Tabulose; Vivapur. Functional Category: Adsorbent; suspending agent; tablet and capsule diluent; tablet disintegrant. Applications in Pharmaceutical Formulation or Technology: Microcrystalline cellulose is widely used in pharmaceuticals, primarily as a binder/diluent in oral tablet and capsule formulations where it is used in both wet-granulation and direct compression processes. In addition to its use as a binder/diluent, microcrystalline cellulose also has some lubricant and disintegrant properties that make it useful in tableting.

King Solomons Mines Essays -- Henry Rider Haggard

Henry Rider Haggard sets out to create an epic tale of courage, a breathtaking drama that attempts to capture, within its limits, the universal spirit of adventure. He appeals in particular to the proverbial young male that seeks an audacious inspiration in life by which to model his own. He entices his readers because his motives lie simply in his desire to entertain, to delight, and to enthrall anyone with a prolific imagination. However, this purely entertaining account of an eclectic and adventuresome trio clearly manifests its motives by the simple elimination ambiguity, leaving little or nothing to the whims of infinite interpretation. As it is, everything within the novel seems to have the intention of being taken â€Å"with a grain of salt.'; Haggard knew his audience, a pretentious and nationalistic society bent on world domination or at the very least determined to reduce the rest of the world to nothing more than a means to meet their desires. And with these precepts in m ind, Haggard creates a fantastical tale, taking heed of what is socially acceptable and what is not, all the while maintaining western superiority over the rest of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The fact of the matter is, that I thought that the best plan would be to tell the story in a plain straightforward manner†¦I cannot help thinking that simple things are always the most impressive, books are easier to understand when they are written in plain language, though I have perhaps no right to set up an opinion on such a matter.'; (Haggard 6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this introduction/disclaimer, Allan Quatermain as our narrator, comes clean with his intentions, providing a stabilizing retrospective for the ensuing epitaph. He seems well aware of the vague line between words intended for fiction and those intended for controversy. And by designating the jolly old Quatermain as narrator, Haggard vicariously endear himself to his readers by exuding a simple humility in light of his grander than grand exposà ©, all the while disposing of the pretense intrinsic to most literary works. Haggard, due to the relative sensitivity of his subject matter, has no desire to have his novel the target of unwarranted and unwanted social and literary criticism. In that, he makes certain that he reaffirms his intentions of entertainment rather than controversy. In addition, despite Haggard’s prevalent use of juxtaposition throughou... ... complexion Twala is described as â€Å"Twala the One-eyed, the Black, [and] the Terrible'; (Haggard 118), not coincidentally the only true â€Å"Black'; among them. The plot is action-packed, carried along by one dramatic scene after another in which we as readers are witness to amazing feats of strength, bravery, and guile, leaving little or no time for readers to dwell much on any aspect of the novel except the plot. Haggard even goes so far as to implement a divisive source of comic relief in the form of Good, whom we see deified by the Kukuanas, who delight in the sight of his â€Å"bare legs,'; â€Å"transparent eye,'; â€Å"half-haired face,'; and â€Å"vanishing teeth'; (118 Haggard). By the end of the novel we see all strings tied, imparting a sense of conclusive triumph without controversy. Haggard’s audience gets exactly what it wants, the black evil doers are vanquished; peace, justice, and tranquility are returned to Kukuana land; our deserving white and pseudo-white heroes are the benefactors of the plunders of Solomon’s fabled mines; and we as readers are left thoroughly entertained. Work Cited Haggard, H. Rider. "King Solomon's Mines." 1989. Oxford, New York: Oxford World Classics 1998

Dr. Jose Rizal Essay

Every Filipino should know the national hero’s life, his youth, his brilliant works, as well as his love life, and the role he played in the Philippine Revolution. Every Filipino should know his dreams and aspiration for his country and for his fellowmen and the magnitude and intensity of his love for the land of his birth. Filipino should know how he suffered, endured, and died. Activity 1 : You are required to read the Rizal’s Life, Works and Writings in order to answer the following questions: Instruction : Give the important events and incidents happens on the following topics briefly and concise. 1. Jose Rizal’s Birth & Early Childhood a. The birth – June 19, 1861, Calamba, Laguna Philippines. b. Parents – Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro II and Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos. c. Children – SATURNINA RIZAL, PACIANO RIZAL, NARCISA RIZAL, OLYMPIA RIZAL, LUCIA RIZAL, MARIA RIZAL, JOSE RIZAL, CONCEPCION RIZAL, JOSEFA RIZAL, TRINIDAD RIZAL, SOLEDAD RIZAL. d. Family – FRANCISCO MERCADO and TEODORA ALONSO Childhood – Jose Rizal was born to the wealthy Mercado-Rizal family in Calamba, Laguna of the Philippines. The Mercado-Rizals were considered one of the most prestigious Filipino families during their time. Jose Rizal came from the 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by theDominicans. From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5. 2. Early Education a. Education in Bià ±an – Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Bià ±an. It was a typical schooling that a son of an ilustrado family received during his time, characterized by the four R’s- reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge was forced into the minds of the pupils by means of the tedious memory method aided by the teacher’s whip. Despite the defects of the Spanish system of elementary education, Rizal was able to acquire the necessary instruction preparatory for college work in Manila. It may be said that Rizal, who was born a physical weakling, rose to become an intellectual giant not because of, but rather in spite of, the outmoded and backward system of instruction obtaining in the Philippines during the last decades of Spanish regime. b. Gomburza Execution – Night of January 20, 1872, about 200 filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of Lamadrid. Filipino sergeant , rose in violent mutinity because of the abolition of their usual privilege. Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872 by order of governor General Izquierdo. c. The martyrdom of Gom-Bue-za truky insoured Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people. Rizal dedicted his second novel, EL Filibusterismo d. Mother’s Imprisonment – Some days after my return to Kalamba, my parents decided that I should remain, and that later I should go to Manila. I wanted to study with a teacher of the town, even though I could learn no more than multiplication, so I entered the village school. At this time, an uncle of mine, Don Josà © Alberto, returned from Europe. He found that, during his absence, his wife had left his home and abandoned her children. The poor man anxiously sought his wife and, at my mother’s earnest request, he took her back. They went to live in Bià ±an. Only a few days later the ungrateful woman plotted with a Guardia Civil officer who was a friend of ours. She accused her husband of poisoning her and charged that my mother was an accomplice. On this charge, the alcalde sent my mother to prison. I do not like to tell of the deep grief which we all, nine sisters and brothers, felt. Our mother’s arrest, we knew, was  unjust. The men who arrested her pretended to be friends and had often been our guests. Ever since then, child though I was, I have distrusted friendship. We learned later that our mother, away from us all and along in years, was ill. From the first, the alcalde believed the accusation. He was unfair in every way and treated my mother rudely, even brutally. Finally, he persuaded her to confess to what they wised by promising to set her free and to let her see her children. What mother could resist that? What mother would not sacrifice life itself for her children? hey terrified and deceived my mother, as they would have any other mother. They threatened to condemn her if she did not say what they wished. She submitted to the will of her enemies and lost her spirit. The case became involved until the same alcalde asked pardon for her. But this was only when the matter was before the Supreme Court. He asked for the pardon because he was sorry for what he had done. Such was his meanness that I felt afraid of him. Attorneys Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Masigan, Manila’s leading lawyers, defended my mother and they finally succeeded in having her acquitted. They proved her innocence to the judges, her accusers and her hosts of enemies. But after how much delay ? — After two and a half years. e. Studies at Ateneo de Manila – To enter the Ateneo a candidate was subjected to an entrance examination on Christian doctrine, reading, writing, grammar, and elementary arithmetic. Jose did not take his entrance examinations Jose did not remain in Manila but returned first to his town to celebrate the fiesta of its patron saint; it was then that his father changed his mind and decided to send him to the Ateneo instead. f. Jesuit Education System – The Jesuits were considered the best educators of Spain, and perhaps of Europe, and so, when they were permitted to return to the Philippines, although their power to administer parishes was restricted except in the remote regions of Mindanao, the privilege of founding colleges, they had to apply to the City of Manila for subsidies. That is why the college which began to function in the year 1865, was called the Ateneo Municipal. g. Studies in Ateneo de Manila 1. 1st year – From the first days Jose learned to systematize his work; he  fixed a program of what he had to do in the twenty-four hours of the day and did not in the least deviate from it. Thus he disciplined his will and subjected it to the commands of his reason. As a newcomer, Jose was at first put at the tail of the class, but he was soon promoted and kept on being promoted so that at the end of one month he had attained to the rank of Emperor. At the end of the term he obtained marks of excellent in all the subjects and in the examinations. He had reason to feel proud of his advancement; and so when he went home on vacation that year, he ran alone to see his mother in the prison and tell her the happy news. He must have uttered this exclamation on learning from his mother that they had played her a mean trick. The judge, who was a blind partisan of the friars having been a domestic of theirs, told her that if she confessed her culpability he would release her at once. With the desire to see her children again, she pleaded guilty; but the judge, instead of releasing her, convicted her. In a few months the judge asked her forgiveness for what he had done because according to him his conscience hurt him, but the case had no remedy because it was already on appeal. 2. 2nd year – The second year, Jose had the same professor as in the previous year; but instead of lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes. At the end of the term he obtained a medal, and upon returning to his town, he again visited his mother in jail alone. This was three months before her release. 3. 3rd year – The rejoicing that her release produced in his spirit had much influence on the result of his studies in the third year, for he began to win prizes in the quarterly examinations. About that time he devoted himself to reading novels, and one of those he enjoyed most was Dumas’ (father) The Count of Monte Cristo. The sufferings of the hero of the twelve years. He also asked his father to buy him a copy of The Universal History by Cesar Cantanu, and according to himself he profited much from its perusal. 4. 4th year and last year – The family, who saw in Jose great aptitude for study, decided to place him as intern or boarding student in the college the following year. In the corner of the  dormitory facing the sea and the pier Jose passed his two years of internship. In the fourth year of his course he had Fr. Francisco Sanchez as professor. Jose describes him as a model of rectitude, a solicitude, and love for the student, and his studied mathematics, rhetoric, and Greek, and he must have progressed much, for at the end of the year he-obtained five medals, which pleased him immensely because with them I could repay my father somewhat for his sacrifices. His aptitude for poetry revealed itself early, and from that time on he did not cease to cultivate it. 3. Secret Mission a. Travel for Spain – The departure of Jose Rizal for Spain was kept secret from Spanish authorities, friars and even to his parents especially to his mother because she would not allow him to go. Only handful of family members and trusted family friends were informed. In order to avoid detection, he used the name Jose Mercado, name of his cousin in Calamba. Before his departure, he scribbled farewell letters to his parents and his sweetheart Leonor Rivera. b. Life in Madrid – Avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars, His parents did not know because he knew, they would not allow him to go. The kind Jesuit priests letter of recommendation to the members of their Society in Barcelona. c. Travel in Europe 1. Paris – During his first summer vacation in Madrid, rizal went to Paris, gay capital of France. The prices of food, drinks, theatre, tickets, laundry, hotel and transportation were too high. Leannec Hospital where rizal observed the Dr. Nicaise treating his patients. Larboisiere Hospital where Rizal observed the eamination of different diseases of women. On march 1883 Rizal joined the Masonic Lodge called Acacia in Madrid. 2. Heidelberg – February 1, 1886 Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris for Germany. 3. February 3, 1886 Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings. Chess Player’s Club wherein the students made Rizal as a member because of being a good Chess player Dr.  Otto Becker distinguished German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked – University Eye Hospital. April 22, 1886 Rizal wrote a fine poem: â€Å" A Las Flores de Heidelberg â€Å"