Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay

Business Ethics And Cross Cultural Management Commerce Essay Morals, or all the more precisely, the absence of morals, with respect to business and government pioneers has of late gotten huge consideration in the broad communications and has been a subject of conversation among people in general, just as the various associations on the planet (Peppas 2002). Business morals has picked up the consideration of numerous researchers and officials in both private and open divisions in light of numerous deceptive practices that are being accounted for. This incorporates the instances of enormous global associations including Enron (Rashid Ibrahim 2007). This is the motivation behind why numerous investigations about social contrasts and business morals have been executed in the previous years. This writing survey is led so as to break down and assess the contentions in regards to the various angles that are connected with business morals and contrasts in societies. Ramifications of Business Ethics The idea about morals is considered as an intricate issue since it is predicated on an exchange of perspectives with respect to the conviction frameworks of individual among the residents of any culture (Svensson Wood 2003). The investigation of business morals and its association for the partners of associations have encountered quick development in the previous hardly any decades. The writing about business morals is isolated on its perspectives with respect to the inspiration and the reason for associations to have their moral measurement. The investigation of Harrison (2001) indicated that there are two fundamental schools of contemplations initially are the individuals who propose that organizations are working so as to produce benefit, in this manner, business morals is considered as another methods for pulling in the clients, while the second are the individuals who upheld some corporate still, small voice just as characteristic inspiration for the execution of business morals. Then again, Paul (2001) considered business morals are exceptionally emotional in nature since it is an element of time and culture subsequently, the business morals have changed, along with the social qualities and standar ds spurred the business morals in the national and provincial limits. The investigation of Hofstede (1983) is considered as one of the most significant examinations which show the distinctions of nations or countries as far as societies and qualities. The examination demonstrated that there are 4 fundamental pointers which incorporate independence, power separation, vulnerability shirking and manliness which shows extraordinary contrasts in the way of life among various countries. The investigation of Vinten (1991) separated the issues of business morals in various degree, which incorporate worldwide business, residential business and expert morals. Each level establish for various degree of some deceptive exercises perform by associations and organizations. Despite the fact that, there are numerous examinations which show significance of morals, and despite the fact that it is being trailed by various associations, there are as yet numerous reasons and dissatisfaction with appropriation of morals in the realm of business. This is associated with the investigation of Stemberg (1994) which centers around the instance of dismissed relativism. It expressed that morals is viewed as unreasonably hypothetical, simultaneously, negate the essential explanation of any business and it is likewise missing of bearing as far as congruity over the various societies. Business Ethics and Cultural Differences One of the difficulties that business morals is confronting is the effect of globalization. Thus, it is regular these days, for business directors and representatives to work with and for individuals from various countries and races which speaks to a wide range of social qualities. Consider that culture influences for all intents and purposes the entirety of the parts of the business relationship. This is on the grounds that one angle, that of business morals, can cause gigantic clash and gross misconception between people who don't have similar foundations (Sims 2006). With this, the perspectives of individual towards the business morals might be distinctive extraordinarily even inside one culture that attempting to go to an understanding across societies can turn out to be about incomprehensible. In this manner, it might be that a concession to morals across societies isn't suggested (Donaldson Dunfee 1999). Besides, in socially homogenous gatherings, there is a more noteworthy cha nce that estimations of individual individuals from the group will coordinate. Be that as it may, on the grounds that the on account of the developing number of culturally diverse associations, it is essential to concentrate regarding this matter. Business morals can be viewed as an element of culture on the grounds that the development of culture in the earth of the business will without a doubt influence the worthy and unsuitable activities inside and outside the association. Various examinations across societies have been acted in the writing of morals on the worldwide level, for example, Jakubowski et al., 2002; Fisher et al., 2001; Seitz, 2001; and Singhapakdi et al., 1999; and the national level which incorporate Peppas, 2000; and Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 1999 (Svensson Wood 2003). The investigation of Singhapakdi Rawwas (1999) shows that the business morals are considered as basic in the universal business, in light of the fact that the way of life of individual influence their moral choices. It introduced that there are some indispensable contrasts between the nations, in this way it is critical to concentrate on those so as to guarantee achievement of associations. In association, Vinten (1998) contends that busine ss morals has the likelihood to turn into an indispensable factor of corporate system and culture, along these lines it must be considered in inner and outside moral review. Then again, the investigation of Hood and Longsdon (2002) indicated the likenesses and contrasts of social estimations of supervisors in three nations. The outcome indicated that one of the indispensable segments of culture is morals. Along these lines, this factor of culture makes due as a potential solid impact towards the accomplishment of the associations in the whole commercial center. Bucar Glas (2002) grow a reasonable structure for the assessment of the multifaceted contrasts in the moral perspectives of agents that depend on the hypothesis of implicit understanding. The consequence of the examination indicated that prognostic of the level of the moral perspectives among the social orders and they center around the more fragile impact of numerous social foundations on the moral mentalities of various gat herings inside the general public. Then again, as indicated by Sen (1997), in the idea of the job of societies in the propelling standards of the conduct of business, it is critical to be comfortable with the compound structures of standards of business, simultaneously, centers around the wide-extending contact of assumptions. Business Ethics Theory and Practice Gap The article of Stark (1993) introduced the hole between the hypothesis and practice in business morals. As indicated by Stark (1993) scholarly explores about business morals neglected to introduce helpful direction towards the administrative dynamic with respect to the diverse moral issues. Especially, this applies on the additional earnestness that probably the most perplexing moral issues which occur in the universal field. This was bolstered by Dean (1998) who expressed that the field of business morals should likewise incorporate an assistance perspective in the event that it is to be considered as the calling of business morals. This spotlights on the capability of business morals as calling. In this way, the inquiry lies on the capacity of the business morals as the main or directing conduct in the business world, in this way, it relates on whom the field of business morals is centering. What's more, the worldwide business morals must be regarded a calling dependent on its unmi stakable and existing favorable position towards the real or genuine dangers and dangers. End Business morals is a fundamental viewpoint in any association and business. This is on the grounds that it empowers them to concentrate on arranging and executing rules and guidelines, norms and strategies that will be advantageous to everybody by applying what is correct and what is with agreement to the law. Be that as it may, in light of globalization, business morals is confronting diverse analysis and conceivable issue. This is a result of the way that culture influences how an individual or gathering sees a certain something or circumstance as positive or negative. Hence, it is critical to concentrate on the distinctive social elements so as to guarantee future achievement of business world. Clarified Bibliography Morgan, E 1998, Navigating Cross-Cultural Ethics: What Global Managers Do Right To Keep From Going Wrong, Butterworth-Heinemann. This is a reading material which shows the individual accounts of supervisors who are running worldwide business. It centers around breaking down the various quandaries that worldwide supervisors are looking as far as moral administration in global business. Svensson, G Wood, G 2003, The Dynamics of Business Ethics: a Function of Time and Culture Case and Models, Management Decision, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 350 361. This is a diary which analyzes the develop of morals all in all and of the business morals in explicit way. Besides, it additionally offers a hypothetical conversation of the elements of morals in the general public and in the commercial center. Gannon, M Newman, K 2002, The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, Wiley-Blackwell. This course book offer a review of the distinctive significant exploration points of view about multifaceted administration and morals, it incorporates speculations about morals and societies, along with how it very well may be applied in reality. Ferrell, O C, Fraedrich, J Ferrell, L 2006, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Cengage Learning. This course reading presents complex condition where in the supervisors face distinctive moral dynamic. This incorporate how social contrasts can influence how supervisors and individuals from the organization see changes and choices inside the organization. Weiss, J 2008, Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach, Cengage Learning. This course book introduced the

How to Create a Copyright Page in 5 Minutes (with Template)

The most effective method to Create a Copyright Page in 5 Minutes (with Template) The Self-Publisher's Guide to the Copyright Page (with Template) Envision the day of your book discharge. Your book is selling quick on the web, your book surveys are shining, and your planned book advancements are going. Truth be told, everything’s going great in your arrangement to vanquish the world with your independently published bookâ until you wake up in a virus sweat - understanding that you neglected to incorporate a copyright page.Is it the apocalypse? Not exactly. There’s no book police that’s going to rebuff you for not keeping in touch with one up. However, there are incredible explanations behind ensuring that you remember one for each title you publish.That, and it’s too simple to make one: we give you everything that you need. In this post, you can pick between two templates:Do you lean toward an essential copyright page? Bounce to this template.Do you need an all-inclusive copyright page with more extravagant accessories? Go this way.Then we give you a third choice: on the off chance that you need som ething that composes itâ for you (and expertly typesets your entire book), you can utilize the Reedsy Book Editor, our free arranging instrument. The Editor naturally produces a copyright page and places it in the opportune spot in the front matter of your book.If you’re not certain which optionâ is for you, that’s what the remainder of this post is for! Together, we’ll de-confuse the theme totally. In any case, before we get to that, how about we rapidly clear something up: would one say one is truly mandatory?Do you need a copyright page?In a word? No. First Edition First Edition: January 2018 This soft cover release originally distributed in 2018Publisher DetailsPublishers never squander an opportunity to advance themselves! You’ll discover their subtleties on the copyright page of a generally distributed book, which will incorporate the publisher’s:NameAddressWebsiteIf you’re independently publishing, you should realize that the distributer is you (not KDP or IngramSpark, for instance.) As for the location, in the event that you don’t need to make it open, that’s entirely fine. Basically give the URL to your site and give perusers another technique for reaching you.If you’re utilizing the Reedsy Book Editor: The RBE makes this simple (however as of now you can’t use it to print disclaimers - that element is just around the corner). Head over to the â€Å"Book Settings† tab again and round out the applicable fields with the goal that the RBE can make a ‘extended’ page for you.Frequently Asked QuestionsWh ere should the copyright page go in a book?In general, the copyright page goes in one of two places: the front or the rear of the book.The most normal methodology is to put it on the verso (the opposite side) of the cover sheet. On the off chance that you’re transferring a PDF to KDP, that implies that you should ensure that it comes directly after the cover sheet and not long before the table of contents.Alternatively, you may choose to spare the best for the end. In the event that you go this course, it will be the last page of your book. Asked and replied: all you at any point needed to think about the copyright page in this post #selfpub How would you copyright a book?You may effectively claim the copyright to your work the moment you make it, yet enlisting that copyright is an alternate story through and through (and emphatically recommended).To register your copyright, you’ll need to go to copyright.gov. For additional subtleties, read our guide that’s devoted solely to directing you through the copyright enlistment process.What else may you see on the copyright page?The data in our copyright page formats is explicit to independent publishers. Yet, in the event that you’re bleakly inquisitive about everything that goes onto the page in a generally distributed book, we can give you the nitty-gritty:Printer’s key: This is the baffling series of numbers. In any case, (sorry to disillusion) it’s not going to be the puzzle of the Sphinx: the printing numbers essentially point to the print run. The most modest number that you see shows the printing. For instance: on the off chance that the most modest number is â€Å"3,†, at that point that’s the third printing of that edition.CIP information: Otherwise known as Cataloging-in-Publication information, this is the Library of Congress’ bibliographic record for a book. It’s not accessible to independent publishers - so it’s one thing that you don’t need to stress about.However you decide to review this page is up to you. Everything relies upon what data you need to put out there for safety's sake. That ought to be a breath of help - there's no incorrect approach. All things considered, on the off chance that you have more inquiries regarding the subject, it would be ideal if you give us a yell in the comments!Have extra inquiries concerning copyright? Leave us a remark. We'll answer immediately.

Analysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Jackson, Th

In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† the topic of the story is significantly outlined by Jackson’s interesting tone. When a year the residents assemble in the focal square for the lottery. The locals anticipate the appearance of Mr. Summers and the black box. Inside the black box are collapsed sheets of paper, one piece having a dark spot on it. All the residents at that point draw a bit of paper out of the case. Whoever gets the paper with the dark spot wins. Tessie Hutchinson wins the lottery! Everybody at that point surrounds her and batters her to the point of death. Tessie Hutchinson trusts it isn't reasonable in light of the fact that she was picked. The residents don't have the foggiest idea why the lottery keeps on existing. All they know is that it is a custom they are not ready to surrender. In â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson depicts three principle subjects including convention, treachery, and viciousness.      The principle topic in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is custom. Jackson passes on convention as the primary subject idea the story. â€Å"The individuals had done it so often that they just half tuned in to the bearings; a large portion of them hushed up, wetting their lips, not looking around.† (966). The creator proposes the individuals of the town have been playing the lottery for quite a long while. â€Å"The individuals had done is so often... they just half tuned in to the directions† recommends that the individuals of the town have played the lottery so often that they just half tuned in to the bearings. Jackson likewise proposes that the individuals of the town are on edge ...

Finding Discursive Essay Topics That Will Stand Out

Finding Discursive Essay Topics That Will Stand OutIf you are in need of writing a discursive essay topic, then there are some good things that you can do to help yourself. In this article, I am going to show you some easy steps that you can take to make your topic stand out from the rest. Using these easy tips, you will be able to get a good look at the features that all good discursive essay topics have.- Read a variety of different sites. The very first thing that you should do is to go online and get some information about the topic. This is one of the best ways to see what the various people who have written on the subject have to say. After reading a variety of different discursive essay topics, you will be able to tell which ones seem to be good and which ones are not. This is very important when it comes to writing a discursive essay topic because you want to have the most realistic portrayal of the topic that you can.- Browse through some great variety of sites. In order to make sure that you read a wide variety of different articles, you should sign up for an account on as many sites as you can. While this is not strictly necessary, you should still make sure that you go through as many of them as you can. If you start with a small number of sites, you will see what the quality of the subjects are.- Always write at least one draft. The first step that you should always take is to read a few discursive essay topics to see what they have to say. This will make sure that you are familiar with the topics and can tell which ones you want to write about.- Do not be afraid to speak your mind. The last thing that you should do is to leave something out. If you find that you do not like a specific part of the topic, then simply write an editorial comment and explain why you do not like the part. Remember that the goal is to have your topic be as realistic as possible.- Do not put anything extra into the topic if you do not have to. The reason that I say this i s because it is one of the easiest ways to make the topic more difficult. If you do not need anything extra, then you should cut it out.These are some of the ways that you can go about finding good discursive essay topics. When you learn how to do this, you will be able to get some good results that will be as close to the original subject as possible.

Christian Werthmullers War Stories - 1307 Words

Since the beginning of history there has always been conflict and disagreement, which led to battle and confrontation. Ever since these hostilities have emerged, the problems that spark the conflicts and the battle itself have been illustrated in textbooks and plastered all over the internet, yet no one really takes the time to think of the many soldiers and people who risk their lives for our safety and freedom. To gain a tighter grasp on history and what these veterans have done for us, we interviewed army veteran, Christian Werthmuller, who participated in Black Operations, Operation Desert Storm, and the Iraq War. Black Operations had been a continuous secret really started in WWII with the Rangers and UDT. The OSS started then which†¦show more content†¦His confidence and determination lead him to believe that anyone can do anything if their heart is in the right place. He believes that the true heroes are those serving above him in service (Werthmuller). Our group learned that the position of officer in the U.S. Army is a difficult rank and a harsh one in that one must be responsible for the lives of many and still manage to fight for his country. This is what makes Officer Werthmuller so special; he sincerely cares about the lives of his loved ones and doesn’t think a minute of life should be wasted. From Officer Werthmuller’s stories and experiences of battle and training, one learns that people in service are so grateful and blessed for everything that they have in their lives. The hard training and responsibilities that a soldier has to endure while in service have made them at one point, he told about one night he was looking at the stars and said that he would give anything to be home with his family; he thinks they are the most precious thing in the world and seizes every opportunity he gets to be with them (Werthmuller). This really shows how precious life is because in the span of one second, your life could be ripped out from under you without any warning. In the military, this uncertainty leads to the brotherly bonds between the soldiers and devotion throughout their entire lives. One never knows when their â€Å"brother† is going to be lost in battle and thus the soldiers

Analysis Of John Quincy Adamss To The Sun-Dial - 982 Words

Before clocks and watches were invented, sundials used the position of the Sun to determine the time. As the sun rises and falls in the sky, a shadow is cast on the dial correlating to hour lines marked on the sundial. President John Quincy Adams wrote a poem personifying the use of the sundial. One must first grasp an understanding of the life John Quincy Adams, the time period the poem was created in, before the focus of â€Å"To The Sun-Dial† can be comprehended. Before one could analyze the poem, they must get an understanding of the poet. Born in 1767 in Braintree, Massachusetts to President John and Abigail Adams, John Quincy Adams was a prominent figure both domestically and in the international community. As a young boy, Adams would†¦show more content†¦Moreover, to understand the theme of â€Å"To The Sun-Dial,† one must understand the time period the poem was written in. The poem was written sometime during Adam’s tenure as president from March 4, 1824 – March 4, 1829. Prior to his presidential administration, the United States had just experienced the Panic of 1819, which left the economy weakened and faith in the financial market at an all-time low. However, during the Adams administration, the United States entered a period of economic expansion. Adding to the political stability throughout this administration, the United States was also at peace. Although there were problems, as with any presidency, diplomacy had solved many of the issues at hand. It restored faith in the American people that â€Å"crises could be managed and successful government was possible† (â€Å"The John Quincy Adams Administration†). Although successful in his presidency, certain publications saw the rising power of the federal government over the states as deeply concerning. As such, many publications spent much of the administration denouncing the â€Å"corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay,† who happened to be Ad ams’ Secretary of State (â€Å"The John Quincy Adams Administration†). Now that the poet and time period have been fully analyzed, one can start analyzing the theme of â€Å"To The Sun-Dial,† which was written by President John

Pearl Harbor And How It Came About Essay Example For Students

Pearl Harbor And How It Came About Essay By the year 1941, WWII was in full effect. Germany seemed to be the victor, gaining control of France and Poland as well as successfully bombing England. Many people believe that Germany would have indeed won the war if not for the intervention of the United States. Because of the horror Americans had witnessed in WWI, the United States did not originally want to get involved in the conflict. In the early morning of December 7th, 1941 all that changed when the Japanese air fleet scattered in the Pacific Ocean bombed Pearl Harbor. In September of 1940 Japan entered in alliance with Germany and Italy. The Japanese were in need of natural resources found in Southeast Asian countries newly conquered by Germany. Around the same time in the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to halt German and Japanese expansion but was urged by other government officials to leave the situation as it was. Japan feared Americas reaction to their plans to seize Southeast Asia, yet did not let that fear get in their way. Japan completed their control of Indochina by seizing the southern half. The American government answered back by placing an embargo on oil shipments heading for Japan. The Japanese viewed this as an act of war, for they knew their military and industrial forces would not last long with out oil. The United States tried to resolve their differences with Japan, throughout 1941. Demands on each side were quite simple. The Japanese wanted the embargo lifted and permission to attempt an attack on China. The U. S. exclaimed they would only lift the embargo if Japan ceased its aggression towards China. The two powers refused to compromise and a war seemed inevitable. America realized Japan would not budge and strategically place military forces in the Pacific Ocean in preparation for a pending war. In fact, the most crucial element of American defense was the U.S. Pacific Fleet. With war looming the Pacific Fleet was moved to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on April 2nd , 1940. Pearl Harbor seemed to be the perfect place to rest the fleet. Situated between the Marshall Islands, where the Japanese fleet gathered and the west coast of America. The fleet wasnt supposed to stay in the harbor very long yet because of events in Europe, President Roosevelt felt if the fleet was left in the harbor it would diminish the possibility of a Japanese attack on the U.S. the exact opposite proved to be true. On February 1st , 1941, Admiral James O. Richardson was officially replaced by Admiral Husband E. Kimmel. Richardson was supposedly removed because he strongly voiced his disagreement with the U.S. Pacific Fleet spending any more time in Pearl Harbor then they already had. Kimmel shared that view, and also wanted to keep his office, so he simply kept his opinion to himself. The fleets main objective while staying in their new location, was to distract the Japan from South Asia by, capturing the Caroline and Marshall Islands, disturbing Japanese trade routes and defending Guam and Hawaii as well as the United States. Admiral Isoroku Yamado, commander-in-chief of Japans Combined Fleet devised a plan that would protect the Japanese mainland from European invasion as well as launch offensive maneuvers. He decided to attack Pearl Harbor and Allied forces in Southeast Asia simultaneously, in an effort to demoralize American forces. Yamado felt this was the closet way to get a peace settlement. The attack was carefully planned out and guidelines were established, surprise was crucial, aircraft carriers were the primary targets to avoid opposition, all types of bombing were to be used, it would be necessary to refuel at sea and a daylight attack would be most affective. There was much opposition from Japanese Naval General Staff yet the attack went on as planned. .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 , .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .postImageUrl , .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 , .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:hover , .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:visited , .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:active { border:0!important; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:active , .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7 .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2cdc6f61d8048d57a63fef0e14e5b5f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poor Boys Blimp EssayAfter the bombing, out of 100 U.S. Naval ships in the harbor thirteen battleships and eleven smaller ships were damaged or destroyed. The bombing also claimed the lives of 2,335 men and 68 civilians as well as wounding over 1000. News of the attack traveled quickly and shocked the entire Nation. War was soon declared on Japan and America wanted revenge for the lives of .

MMP Representation in New Zealand A Case of the Tail Wagging the Dog

In 1993 New Zealand citizens voted, in a national referendum, to drastically amend their voting system from the British-modelled traditional first-past-the-post (FPP) to a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) representation (Bowler Farrell, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on MMP Representation in New Zealand: A Case of the ‘Tail Wagging the Dog’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The genesis of proportional representation (PR) in New Zealand can be traced back to the 1950s, when the political landscape of the country witnessed a gradual breakdown of public trust and confidence in politicians and parliament, followed by large-scale disillusionment with the old two-party system (National and Labour) among New Zealanders (Bale Bergman, 2006; Newman, 2010). Although the PR system initially received accolades as a powerful political instrument capable of making New Zealand the most effective, most inclusiv e democracy globally (Little, 2005), it has continued to draw criticisms from varied quarters, with some critics suggesting that it brings into the limelight a situation where the ‘tail wags the dog’ (Vowles, 1998). This paper purposes to illuminate evidence to support assertions made by MMP’s critics that PR indeed results in the ‘tail wagging the dog.’ Simply put, PR is based on the notion that if a particular party gets 20 percent of the vote in elections, then it is entitled to 20 percent of seats in parliament. Consequently, the major driving principle of PR, according to Bale Bergman (2006), is that political parties should be given power in proportion to the actual number of voters who vote for them. When it comes to the MMP system as practiced in New Zealand, each voter casts two votes, with one vote meant to decide their local member of parliament (electorate vote) and the other deciding which party they would like to represent them federal ly (party vote). Newman (2010) posits that â€Å"†¦under the MMP, the party that wins the greatest party vote on the election night is given the chance to form a government by†¦horse trading with potential coalition partners† (p. 1). As already mentioned, one of the major objectives of the MMP was to bring proportionality to the electoral system (Malpass, 2010), but this objective appears not to have been met even as New Zealanders prepare to go into the referendum to determine the effectiveness of the system.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A number of situations can be used to demonstrate evidence that PR results in the ‘tail wagging the dog.’ First, the critics of MMP have argued that although PR originally meant to achieve proportionality in New Zealand’s electoral system, it inarguably led to a system whereby small parties wielded, and continues to wield, disproportionate power (Vowles, 1998; Bale Bergman, 2006). One important consequence of such an electoral disposition is that the party with massive voter following must negotiate with other smaller parties in order to have important policies implemented. Consequently, and contrary to the maxims of a stable and representative government, it can be argued that the MMP as practiced in New Zealand permits coalition governments to form where minority parties have in their possession a disproportionate share of power, leading to a system in which the ‘tail wags the dog.’ A case in point is the smacking debate of 2009, which revolved around the issue of whether smacking children should be viewed as a good parental correction or a criminal offense (Ritchie, 2009). In this debate, the Green party successfully projected its anti-smacking campaign against the will of the majority who wanted the bill on smacking of children re-legalized, implying that it was the tail wagging the dog in this particular debate. To put it in perspective, MMP has brought into the fore situations in which major parties take superfluous and unpopular standpoints so as to pacify minor parties. Another consequence, which is intrinsically related to the first, is that minority parties, even if they have no real power, are not only capable of holding the bigger parties (National and Labour) to ransom, but are also able to project their opinion in parliament (Bowler Farrell, 2006). Such predispositions, according to Vowles (1998), are bad for democracy because they not only lead to a more consensual type of government, but also trigger a reduction of political transparency and accountability for laws passed by parliament. In 1996, for example, Winston Peters of the minority party New Zealand First, along with 13.3 percent of voters, held the other 87.7 percent of the voters to ransom by playing the ‘king maker’ in an exhibition of the way governments were to be created under MMP, not at the ballot box, but after, by a choice from minority parties between the two dominant parties – Labour and National (Vowles, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on MMP Representation in New Zealand: A Case of the ‘Tail Wagging the Dog’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to underline the point that the political compromises the MMP has encouraged as a result of allowing smaller parties to wield disproportionate power has not only led to a more consensual form of government as elaborated above, but â€Å"†¦has also contributed to ad hoc law making, an inability of government to take proper charge of [the] legislative programme, and a pork barrel politics and back room deals† (Malpass, 2010 para. 3). For example, the government of the day is unable to take proper charge of its legislative programme due to the fact that minority part ies have a greater say in controversial legislation than their vote merits. In equal measure, it is possible for the prime minister of New Zealand to be defeated by a simple majority; that is, a majority of individuals who cast their votes or refrain from voting rather than a majority of seats in the legislature (Bale Bergman, 2006). This effectively implies that the office of the prime minister, which is traditionally the centre of power, is unable to govern effectively as power has been delegated to the periphery. A case in point here is the secret backroom deal between the National party and the Maori party in 2008 even after it was apparent that the National party was in a position to govern after securing the support of ACT and United parties (Newman, 2010). In respect to the New Zealand’s government not been able to either implement policies or take charge of important legislative programmes, political commentators are in agreement that MMP has only worked to perpetuat e some form of centrism in New Zealand politics which has, in effect, encouraged the sidelining of important issues (Bowler Farrell, 2006). Evidence to back this assertion arises from the prediction by the Royal Commission, who observed that there might be prolonged periods where the New Zealand government is inarguably unable to take decisive action when doing this seems the only right way to follow (Newman, 2010). A case in point is the sidelining of debate concerning the Maori seats, where the National party (with the majority) wish to abolish them but the Maori party (minority) wish to embed them. The perceived indecisiveness of the National party in this debate, ostensibly because it fears to loose the support of the minority party, implies that nothing progressive will be accomplished in this fundamental but unpopular area. Surely, it is a case of the ‘tail wagging the dog.’ It can also be argued that MMP has led to the proliferation of minority parties and other interest groups in parliament, setting the stage for a scenario where the stability and effectiveness of government are threatened (Bale Bergman, 2006). The system has been accused in various quarters for not exercising fairness and, as such, always puts political parties in a collision course at the expense of passing important bills for the country to move forward. There exists compelling evidence to support this assertion.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the 2008 national election, for instance, the 4.1 percent of the vote received by New Zealand First successfully ensured that the party had no representation in parliament, whereas ACT, with only 3.7 percent of the vote and one constituency seat, went ahead to gain 5 MPs in parliament (Gallagher Mitchell, 2010). Such an inconsistency, in my view, can only serve to threaten the stability of government, and it is vivid pointer to the PR’s trajectory of the ‘tail wagging the dog.’ Lastly, it can be argued that the MMP system has drastically elevated the number of minorities represented in the legislature to a level of excessive overrepresentation (Gallagher Mitchell, 2010). Such overrepresentation, according to the author, is bad for democracy as it shift power from its rightful owners according to the wishes of the electorate to place it in other peripheral locations that do not in any way enjoy the support of the majority of the electorate. We only need to re call the overrepresentation of the Maoris to see how such an electoral and political disposition can cause elevated public outcry because of the actual or perceived fear among the electorate that the minorities are indeed calling the shots in government. To conclude, it is indeed true that New Zealand’s encounter with PR has unconditionally demonstrated that MMP provides minority groupings with disproportionate influence, which inarguably comes at a cost to democracy (Bowler Farrell, 2006). Evidence have been adduced to support this claim, including how these minority parties act to circumvent the implementation of policies perceived to be of great importance to New Zealanders, how they perpetuate centrism, how they curtail political transparency and accountability, how they contribute to ad hoc law making and back room deals, and how they hold major parties to ransom. With the coming referendum in November 2011, therefore, New Zealanders need to consider all the important i ssues highlighted in this paper and vote consciously on whether they want to retain the MMP system or whether its time to introduce a new electoral system. List of References Bale, T., Bergman, T (2006). Captives no Longer, but Servants Still? Contract Parliamentarism and the New Minority Governance in Sweden and New Zealand. Government Opposition, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp 422-449. Bowler, S., Farrell, D.M (2006). We know which one we Prefer but we don’t know really why: The Curious Case of Mixed Member Electoral systems. British Journal of Politics International Relations, Vol. 8, no. 3, pp 445-460. Gallagher, M., Mitchell, P (2010). The Politics of Electoral Systems, 2nd Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Little, G (2005). Development of MMP in New Zealand. Web. Malpass, L (2010). Superseding MMP: Real Electoral Reform for New Zealand. The Centre for Independent Studies. Web. Newman, M (2010). Proportionate Representation, Disproportionate Power. New Zealand Centre for Pol itical Research. Web. Ritchie, K (2009). Kiwis Consumed by Smacking Debate. Web. Vowles, J (1998). Voters’ Victory?: New Zealand’s First Election and Proportional Representation. Auckland: Auckland University Press. This essay on MMP Representation in New Zealand: A Case of the ‘Tail Wagging the Dog’ was written and submitted by user Alexander Maddox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator

Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator Negotiation remains a critical element in leadership and management. The concept of negotiation has occupied the realms of leadership because it is the core for a formidable and plausible leader (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). However, questions have arisen as to what constitutes a good negotiator. Therefore, the paper examines some of the basic features that define a good negotiator.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patience. Patience is a critical item required for a negotiator. Patience refers to the ability of an individual to bear with situations perceived such as causing anxiety. In a negotiation process, parties in a dispute or any course seeking to reach consensus, must be able to bear with each other in order to accomplish a certain negotiation process deemed tough. The primary intention is to ensure agreement between parti es involved in negotiation. For mutuality to prevail, one or both parties must bear qualities of persuasion to reach the end of an agreement. When the element of persuasion lacks in an individual acting as a negotiator, such negotiation may fail or take long to deliver the results (Ghauri Usunier, 2003). The ability to bear and handle pressure. Some negotiation processes and environments are inherently pressure-oriented. In order to ensure coherence and smooth transition toward the intended agreement, a negotiator should have the ability to bear with mounting pressure from the competing parties (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). In cases where a negotiating individual lacks this basic element, he or she is likely to succumb to the opposing forces in a negotiation. Assertiveness and controlled authority. It is essential to be assertive to ensure that the counterparts acknowledge your ability to voice your views and opinions freely and authoritatively. However, authority in this cas e does not imply the use of force in making opinions, but rather the ability to pinpoint issues without fear nor favor (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). Assertiveness brings with itself the ability to convince people because one positions his or her statements from a factual base, hence, he or she might end up winning in the impending process.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Good listening skills. It is fundamental to the one engaging in a negotiation to exhibit qualities of good listening. Negotiation takes place in a communication process. Therefore, a negotiator must portray good listening skills in order to comprehend and synthesize the opposing views of the opposite party (Ghauri Usunier, 2003). The inability to exhibit this quality is ineffective in respect to providing valid relevant responses aimed at convincing the opposite party. Open mindedness. This refers to the ability of an individual to accommodate various situations, views and opposing opinions arising out of a negotiation process. This element ensures that a person assesses various situations with a clear mind without being inclined to a particular position (Ghauri Usunier, 2003). He or she can then evaluate the alternatives while positioning him or herself on a platform worth in the sense of utilizing various ends to derive the best-of-breed alternative capable of winning in the negotiation process. Finally, an excellent negotiator has a wide scope of knowledge concerning the aspects of negotiation. The ability to demonstrate understanding can effectively melt the minds of the counterparts through factual representation of the material elements leading to the negotiation. Therefore, an individual with little or no grasp of ideas will always lack creative moves to sustain an argument or to foster agreement from the counterparts (Burt, Petcavage Pinkerton, 2010). Th e ability to demonstrate knowledge about the issues in a negotiation can serve to act as a neutralizer of the counterpart’s argument or point of view. References Burt, D. N., Petcavage, S. D., Pinkerton, R. L. (2010). Supply management. Boston: McGraw Hill.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics that Make a Successful Negotiator specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ghauri, P. N., Usunier, J. (2003). International business negotiations. New York, NY: Emerald Group Publishing.

Horizontal Profile of Cotton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Horizontal Profile of Cotton - Research Paper Example Sellers in the market differentiate cotton products from other products on the basis of comfort. Sellers convince buyers that cotton provides ventilation and warmth during winter. Suppliers use cotton to make curtains, tauplins and tents as cotton since cotton withstands sun ray. The cotton product has distinct attribute unlike other products in the market. The industry differentiates cotton products from others on the nature and type of color, strength, versatility, adaptability and natural features of cotton. Non-physical attributes are bundled with the cotton product. In the case of physical attributes such as availability, nature of cotton and ability to withstand sun rays when exposed are bundled by sellers during process of selling. Sellers often display cotton products even in sunlight. Sellers inform buyers cotton is very versatile product as it can be coated, cotton is dry cleanable, and finished product (ICAC, 2005). Cotton product can be washed either by machines or hands. Cotton is very easy to print and this is unique attribute especially for marketing buyers. Product differentiation is a marketing and selling strategy which involves sellers informing buyers of distinct attributes of the product as compared to other products in the market. The graph above shows frequency of prices of cotton for a period of three months. The initial price is 59 units. The highest price in the month of February is 65.5. There is a price decline in the month of March with the lowest price being 60.5 and the highest price is 65 in the same month. The highest price in April is 66.5 and the lowest price of cotton is 62.59.the price range is 7.5 which translate to 0.75 equal intervals. The bin price of cotton product is 62.75 units. The bin price is the most affordable price for all willing and able buyers. There is a positive and non-linear relationship between prices of cotton and physical attributes of cotton in

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 2 CBT Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 2 CBT - Essay Example Moreover, there were reports that 21 individuals have been documented to have waited for 24 months for their insurance and are struggling to survive (Robert M. Hayes, Deane Beebe, and Heidi Kreamer, 2007). Levit, Smith, Cowan, Lazenby, Sensenig, and Catlin reported (2003; p 155) that the US health care system which has tremendously developed, is found to be the most expensive in the world with a total spending that continues to increase. In fact, national health expenditures have heightened dramatically beginning 1970 from $73.1 billion up to $1.4 trillion as of 2001. Blumberg and Nichols argue, United States does not oblige their citizens to acquire a comprehensive health insurance unlike other industrial nations. Therefore, even if an individual has more than a single option for acquiring an insurance coverage, each option is linked with a choice as well as the opportunity cost of taking it. But are several people in US uninsured There are certain factors which have caused the increase spending in health care over time and consequently contributed by many Americans are uninsured. These factors are: The greater demand of consumers for health services, advances and costs in medical technology, the aging of the population, prevalence of chronic disease, introduction of new at the same time expensive technologies, health care labor market wage increases, increased spending on prescription drugs and changes in the insurance marketplace. These factors are said to be interrelated in the manner to which they propel health care spending. Inadequate health insurance throughout the nation, population characteristics, differences in employment patterns and public program eligibility standards vary one state to another (Hoffman and Wang, 2004; p. 33). On the other hand, President Obama also emphasized that his government will exert more effort to add $6 billion funds for National Institutes of Health Cancer Researches. National Cancer Institute (NCI) is a very importal health care agency that engage in the drug development process; from clinical trials program until drug discovery research. The agency also expedite discoveries of various interventions that are directed to save people's lives such as Cancer Research. Cancer research contributes in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of several major diseases (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). In the past years of flat budgets, NCI received about three percent (3%) budget increase.Scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have demonstrated the breakthroughs that reduced and will still continue to reduce sufferings and allow people to live longer and healthier lives. However in the past, the NIH budget severely limited the large medical advances. B etween 1999 and 2003, there was supposed to be a 15% additional budget to the NIH but unluckily, there was only a 3.2 % increase in 2004; 2% in 2005; 1% in 2006 (the lowest percentage% increase since 1970); and out of 27 NIH institutes, the National Cancer Institute had the greatest appropriation with $4.84 billion (Alliance for Aging Research, 2009).According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMMS), health care expenditure is expected to transcend $3 trillion in the subsequent decade with just about Evolution of the Problem

Operational Difference †Major company stake is owned by franchises Essay Example for Free

Operational Difference – Major company stake is owned by franchises Essay As I went through the historical span of Burger King History, the franchises of Burger King played a major part in expansion of the parent company from the early 1960’s till date. The relation of franchises and management has always been influential and significant in success and failures of Burger King History. Primarily, the company operated with major investment from franchises and minimal from the company, so the decisions and relationship with franchises was crucial. Flame broiler a unique device that improved with decades in Burger King history The company was set-up on the basis of the oven called ‘Insta-broiler’ for cooking burgers. The purpose had been inspired from McDonald’s speedy service. It was further mechanised into a gas grill without changing patties and self functional by means of a conveyor belt. Further, the device was also customised and technologically advanced to produce Chicken sandwich, Chicken Whopper, Veggie burger, etc. Drive –thru service The company though was working hard on franchises and unique device to meet operational needs; it was mainly oriented to meet demand of production at ‘Drive-thru’ restaurants. This was because the company had major part of its sales revenue i.e. 70 % from ‘Drive-thru’ operations. Later this competence was adapted by McDonald and other competitors as well. However the effectiveness and efficiency of Burger King’s ‘Drive-thru’ was easily highlighted. Competitive methods of Burger King The purpose of its competitive strategy is to build a sustainable competitive advantage over the organization’s rivals. It defines the fundamental decisions that guide the organization’s marketing, financial management and operating strategies. As there were many significant changes in the history of Burger King, eventually there were different competitive methods used in different span in history. Some of the significant competitive methods are listed as follows: 1} Initial decade in Burger king’s history, ‘Insta-broiler’ a device competitive in making burgers and technological advancements in the same gave it a competitive advantage. 2} High amount of franchises worldwide executed major ownership stake and customised operations in the outlets. This was tightened and a new company structure was formed, followed by a new competitive aptitude. [Year 1963 -1967] 3} Push sale approach led increase in competitive breakfast market and thus improve in position in market. Burger King moved to second position in US fast food market after McDonald. [Year 1982-1985] 4} Launched a Burger King Kids Club program that help the company to increase sales and successful entry into a new market segment. [Year 1990-1995] 5} Introduction of a TURNAROUND PLAN named ‘Go Forward Plan’, which was significant to attain objectives like increasing profit, create a customer image, teamwork, etc.[Year 2000]. One more advantage Burger King introduced was ‘Revamped Chicken Whopper’, helpful to compete with other competitors. Burger King McDonald’s (BK is simply not as big as McD) Some of the basic company facts and objectives of both the companies, help us understand how Burger King is not as big as McDonald’s in global terms. Facts Burger King McDonald Founder 1941 by Richard and Maurice McDonald 1953 by Keith J.Cramer Present chain 12,150 outlets in 50 states and US territories and 74 countries More than 31,000 outlets in 119 countries Revenue $2.5 Billion Number of employees 360,000 employees 1,500,000 employees (1.5 million) Customers 11.8 million customers daily worldwide 58 million customers across the globe Products offered Flame-broiled burgers including the Whopper, Burger King also offers chicken sandwiches, fish sandwiches, French fries, onion rings, salads, chicken fries and Croissanwiches for breakfast. McDonald’s predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken sandwiches and products, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald’s offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps Calorie content A Burger King Double Whopper has around 920 calories A McDonalds Big Mac consists of 540 calories Objectives Burger King McDonalds Market share 21.9 % in US fast food industry 44% in US fast food industry Value for money More bigger product for reasonable price Product size is smaller with inexpensive price Franchising More than 90 % of the outlets are franchised A little less than 30 % Suppliers The suppliers vary with various franchise in different locations worldwide. McDonald chooses best suppliers and type and quality of meat varies with country culture. Advertising The BK adverts were quite confusing and sending wrong messages in potential market which affected cultural values and also brand image at times. McDonalds often had appropriate ways of advertising and were supportive to increase sales and popularity of the brand. Issues relating to Burger King The case study is very critical in understanding the issues related with Burger King’s history. Some of the prominent issues from past to present can be listed as follows: Franchise management – The company found it difficult to manage more than 90% franchise in the business of Burger King products and services. Crucial reason was also the percentage of stake ownership , which was initially 38% and was improved to 42% by Donald Smith, former McDonald executive. Changes in leadership – The history of Burger King marked approximately 20 changes in management. The changes in short term span affected oragnisation focus over goals and objectives, affected brand image adversely and lacked consistency in operation. Unhealthy food – The Company came prominently in highlight during the era from 2003 as potential customers had responded to be health conscious. The period marked spread of mad-cow disease and obesity levels among children was a rising concern. Market recession – The US economy faced economic recession from 2006 and needs brand to take effective measures to sustain and avoid losing loyal customers to competitors. Recommendations for future development in UK The Burger King opened its first branch/outlet in UK in 1977 on Coventry Street in London. Since then till date Burger King has 654 restaurants in UK ( out of which 73 are owned) whereas it has 139 ‘drive-through’ restaurants. Considering the present fast food environment in UK, following recommendations come in lime-light: HEALTHY FOOD – Burger King UK has currently many problems within the environment in company and surrounding, however one of the prime concern is healthy food. The company needs to produce fast food with less saturated fats and salt content. The problem of obesity in UK is high as well and addressing to this concern is the need of demand to survive over the competitors. PRIME LOCATIONS and EVENTS – Burger King needs to increase its influence and market share in UK, by serving at prime hot spots as well as at travel destinations. The presence of Burger King on high streets and at various national rail stations and airport is reasonable, however it needs to be accessible at hot tourist spots and business oriented commercial areas. SPEED – Burger King needs to increase its speed of delivering products and services to customers, as it has been competing with McDonalds over more than 50 years and still lacks speed during peak periods. Speed in operations helps to generate revenue in coping zone. Schools of strategy – Burger King’s evolution (analyse critically) Strategy formation is judgmental designing, intuitive visioning, and emergent learning; it is about transformation as well as perpetuation; it has to include analyzing before and programming after as well as negotiating during †¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Henry Mintzberg However there is a difference in perspective leading to strategy arguments. Mintzberg identified this and tried to debate and answer different perspectives through his 10 Schools of Strategy/Thinking. The burger King History prominently highlights two of them, explained as follows: 1] The Power School – Strategy Systems as Processes of Negotiation According to the power school, strategy systems are described to be mainly shaped by power and politics, whether as a process inside the enterprise itself or as the behaviour of the enterprise as a whole within its external environment. Strategies that may result from such processes tend to be emergent in nature, and take the forms of positions and actions more than perspectives. On the one hand parts of the power school (‘micro power’) see strategy making as the interplay, through persuasion, bargaining, and sometimes through direct confrontation, among narrow scope interests and shifting coalitions, with none dominant for any significant period. On the  other hand other parts of power school (‘macro power’) see the enterprise as promoting its own welfare by controlling or cooperating with other enterprise (such as Franchises), through the use of strategic manipulation as well as collective strategies in various kinds of networks and alliances. EXAMPLE – Burger King at different period in history, tried to take control over franchises by executing greater control over their operations and direct confrontation with various industry giants/ suppliers. These various processes implemented to achieve power through strategy highlights ‘THE POWER SCHOOL’. 2] The Configuration School – Strategy Systems as Process of Transformation The school follows a formation approach wherein the organisation is transforming into one type of decision making structure into another. The school interrupts the period of stability by some process of transformation. It has configuration of strategy formation from other nine schools which are – Design school – Strategy formation as an architecture process Planning school – Strategy formation as a formal process Positioning school Strategy formation as an analytical process Entrepreneurial school – Strategy formation as a visionary process Cognitive school – Strategy formation as a mental process Learning (or Emergent) school – Strategy formation as an emergent process Power school – Strategy formation as a process of negotiation Cultural school – Strategy formation as a collective process Environmental school – Strategy formation as a reactive process The school recognises a appropriate combination of any one or more of them taking into context a particular type. EXAMPLE – Burger King history marks use of Positioning school in year 1980 -1983 to create a brand image and achieve second position in US fast food market. Click here to Continue Reading this Article Rate This Article Tags: burger king, free essay Category: Business, Free Essays Similar Articles Kicl students’ perceptions on the consumption of McDonalds, KFC and Burger Kings Analysis of Marks Spencer’s International Strategy Role of Advertisement and Sales Promotion in ELP: Subscribe If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to receive more just like it. Including student tips and advice. Subscribe via RSS Feed Connect on Facebook Follow Us on Twitter Connect on LinkedIn Connect on YouTube Click here to ask a question about this article.  « Management Function: Critical Analysis of the role of a modern industrial manager Shareholder-Wealth Maximization model (SWM): a Financial Report on Luton Brickworks Plc.  » Similar Articles Kicl students’ perceptions on the consumption of McDonalds, KFC and Burger Kings Analysis of Marks Spencer’s International Strategy Role of Advertisement and Sales Promotion in ELP: Analysis of Marks and Spencer’s Past Failures and Present Developments Strategic Analysis of Marks and Spencers Plc (MS) Looking for Something Similar? Get Student Advice We send regular advice and updates for students. We promise not to spam. Subscribe via RSS Feed Connect on Facebook Follow Us on Twitter Connect on LinkedIn Connect on YouTube

Survey of American Literature Essay -- American Literature

As a survey of American literature there are many influential and celebrated authors. Jack Kerouac has become a well known writer whose nontraditional style has led him to fame. In Jack Kerouac’s writings, he used a stream of consciousness, spoke chaotic and randomly, and used long run on sentences. In â€Å"Big Sur†, Kerouac uses run on sentences that reach around 9 lines long. In the conservative 1950s, his stream of consciousness approach to writing was unheard of. Kerouac’s style was revolutionary for his time. Kerouac is, â€Å"regarded as a liberator of prose and champion of idiomatic American expression† (Baym 2542). Robert Frost was a well known, Pulitzer Prize winning author. Frost was known for his realistic style and portrayal of rural life. He used life in New England to analyze the complex social and philosophical themes present during the early twentieth century. Frost found beauty in nature and used it in his poetry. In the gist of Jack Kerouac, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† could be written as this: I came across two roads that diverged in a yellow wood---I was sorry I could not travel both since I was only one traveler; I stood there looking down one path as far as I could to where it bent in the undergrowth and then I took a look down the other path which seemed just as fair, being all grassy and wanted wear, but really both paths had been worn about the same. That morning both lay equally covered in leaves and I decided to keep the first for another day, and knowing how way lead on to way, I doubted if I should ever decide to come back. As I am I telling this tale, I tell it with a sigh; somewhere a long long time ago while in the woods, two roads diverged in front of me, I decided to take the one less traveled and that re... ... for someone, and finding a means for success. These are important lessons to be learned, which can be applied to in life. Works Cited Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Modernism† Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 1260-1262. Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Emily Dickinson† Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 1197-1200. Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Jack Kerouac† Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 2542-1543. Baym, Nina, Ed. â€Å"Robert Frost† Norton Anthology of American Literature Shorter 7th Edition. New York: Norton, 2008. 1951-1952. Cahan, Abraham. â€Å"A Sweatshop Romance† Baym 1661-1670 Dickinson, Emily. â€Å"479: Because I Could Not Stop for Death† Baym 1214- 1215. Frost, Robert. â€Å"The Road Not Taken. Baym 1960. Kerouac, Jack. â€Å"Big Sur.† Baym 2544.

Psychology: Human Memory Essay

The article addresses the problems of interference as related to implicit memory. The study reveals the inconsistencies of the previous studies in the area of explicit and implicit memory, and the impact of interference on the memory performance. The authors of the article analyze the three major studies conducted in previous years. Lustig & Hasher (2001) refer to interference as â€Å"a primary source of forgetting and a major focus of memory research†. Previous research has proved that implicit memory is immune to interference, but there is no evidence whether earlier studies have referred to proactive or retroactive interference. The results of the previous research have determined the different patterns of interaction between explicit memory, implicit memory, and interference mechanisms. This difference was later used to suggest that explicit and implicit memory tasks measure different forms of memory and act within different systems of the brain. Despite the clear evidence that implicit memory is immune to interference, Lustig & Hasher (2001) suggest that this evidence is impaired by using wrong methods of research: the authors emphasize the importance of differentiating between target and nontarget memory responses. Lustig & Hasher (2001) have designed a new study, â€Å"in which each fragment presented at test could be completed only by one previously presented target word†. The authors have utilized the three-group study design: in the interference group, the nontarget items were similar to the correct completions; for the control group, nontarget items were unrelated to the test fragments; the third group was used as a baseline and received only test fragments. The control and interference group participants viewed a list of words divided into the two groups of target and nontarget items. The list was followed by a set of exercises to be completed by both groups (word-fragment test). Lustig & Hasher (2001) used planned comparisons to analyze the results of the fragment-completion test. â€Å"The critical question was whether orthographically similar nontargets impaired implicit memory for the target words† (Lustig & Hasher, 2001). Although the control and interference groups have displayed better achievements in fragment-test as compared to the baseline group, the successes of the interference group members were negatively impacted by their exposure to the list of nontarget words. Thus, implicit memory was impacted by interference mechanisms. The authors have analyzed the proportion of incorrect answers as impacted by the group exposure to nontarget words. The results have shown an increasingly great number of intrusions of the non-target words in the interference group as compared to the control and baseline groups.   The results of the study, combined with the previous research results, have led to the conclusion that explicit memory cannot be the only critical factor in determining the presence of interference. On the contrary, the combination of the explicit and implicit memory responses determine the exact patterns of interference and their impact on human memory. Lustig and Hasher (2001) clearly demonstrate that implicit memory is not immune to interference. In addition, the researchers create a new vision of the critical boundary condition for interference, which â€Å"is similarity between critical and nontarget items, not deliberate retrieval† (Lustig & Hasher, 2001). Discussion questions 1. How is the interference phenomenon discussed in earlier studies? 2. Is there any unilateral evidence that implicit memory is immune to interference? 3. Why is the similarity between target and nontarget items potentially important for the investigation of interference and its impact on implicit memory mechanisms? 4. How has the use of fragment-completion test been beneficial for the discovery of interference impact on implicit memory? 5. In the light of the current research results, how can we define a critical boundary condition for interference?

Strange Behavior and Ghosts in Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Throughout the play ‘Hamlet‘, we see that the protagonist seems troubled and quite isolated. The Shakespearean play is believed to have been first performed between 1600 and 1601 but not published until 1603. Hamlet is the young prince of Denmark, his mother Gertrude married her brother-in-law shortly after her husband (Hamlet’s father) died. In the Elizabethan era many people believed in supernatural forces and this is displayed within the play when Hamlet’s father returns as a ghost. Many people would argue that Hamlet is possessed and his madness and strange behaviour is partly due to his father’s death and his reoccurrence as a ghost. From the beginning of the play Hamlet seems as if he is emotionally unstable and unable to cope well†¦show more content†¦This shows that Hamlet wants to die by saying he wished his flesh would melt. Hamlet also feels life is not worth living for example ‘How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable’. In other words Hamlet feels that committing suicide is a better alternative to life as life is dreary and pointless. In the Elizabethan era most people were strongly religious including Hamlet and his family, this would have deterred Hamlet from committing suicide as it goes against God and the bible. Additionally an Elizabethan audience would have seen Hamlet’s madness as the devils actions whereas a modern audience would understand Hamlet could have had health problems. Sigmund Freud developed his ideas of psychoanalysis in the 1890s and this is when more people became aware of mental illnesses and its treatment. Throughout the play Hamlet displays hatred and impertinence towards women in two main relationships, with Gertrude (his mother) and Ophelia, his previous love. Hamlet’s misogynistic feelings begin with his mother, Gertrude. Her abrupt and incestuous marriage to Hamlet’s uncle Claudius causes Hamlet much discomfort and disappointment; which then makes him question the fidelity of women in general, a quote that supports this is ‘And yet, within a month,— Let me not think on’t,—Frailty, thy name is woman!’ (1,2,145-146). We can see that Hamlet is angry at his mother for such a hasty marriage here he shows heShow MoreRelatedIs Hamlet s Madness Genuine Or Feigned?1671 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversially discussed themes in William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, is the theme of Hamlet’s madness. Shakespeare left it up to the audience to decide whether he was truly crazy or not. Although, there are many deliberate acts of fabricated insanity repeated throughout the play. Hamlet’s life events such as the death of his father, loving someone he cannot have, and not mention the marriage of his mother to his uncle, was enough to make someone go off of the deep end. 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